VII/239A History and Accurate Positions for the NGC/IC Objects (Corwin, 2004)

VII/239A/refs.dat References of positions (2365 records)

Ref
---		(n) Text
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2MSP 2MASS Point Source Catalog, 2000. On-line version via VizieR.
2MSP * Standard deviation 0.18 arcsec. There are far fewer problems with
2MSP the point source positions than there are with the extended source
2MSP positions.
2MSP = Cat. II/246
2MSX 2MASS Extended Source Catalog, 2003. (Some positions from the 1st or
2MSX 2nd Incremental Releases, 1999 and 2000, via NED).
2MSX * Standard deviation 0.30 arcsec, but much larger accidental errors can
2MSX occur in the Incremental Releases. I checked all of these before
2MSX entering them here. The problems (due to edge-of-scan effects) are
2MSX largely overcome in the Full-Sky release of 2003, but some remain.
2MSX = Cat. VII/233
AA Arthur Auwers, AN 58, 369, 1862; micrometric observations, re-reduced.
AA * Standard deviation about 2 arcsec at a guess.
AA = 1862AN.....58..369A
AAS A.A. Schoenmaker, quoted in dBW and vdK2,3 (which see; also see
AAS van Herk and Schoenmaker, IAU Circular 2334, 1971 and A&A 17, 146,
AAS 1971 for repeat of N5055). Optical positions for a few bright
AAS galaxies.
AAS * Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
AAS = 1972A&A....17..146V
AC R. W. Argyle and E. D. Clements, Observatory 110, 93, 1990. N = 32
AC * Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
AC = 1990Obs...110...93A
AC22 AC 2000.2. Stars; and a few planetaries, courtesy Brian Skiff.
AC22 Proper motion almost always ignored.
AC22 * Standard deviation around 0.2-0.3 arcsec at B1950.0.
AC22 = Cat. I/275
ACR R. C. Stone, J. R. Pier, and D. G. Monet, AJ 118, 2488, 1999.
ACR Astrometric Calibration Regions around the celestial equator. A few
ACR galaxies picked up among the 1.2 million stars. These are tightly
ACR tied to the ICRS.
ACR * Standard deviation around 0.03 arcsec (that is not a typo: 0.03"!)
ACR = Cat. I/263
AE R. W. Argyle and P. Eldridge, MNRAS 243, 504, 1990. Seyfert
AE galaxies. N = 72
AE * Standard deviation about 0.15 arcsec.
AE = 1990MNRAS.243..504A
AGK2 A. Kopff and J. Peters. AGK2. Astron. Rechen-Inst. Veroff. 16,
AGK2 No. 71. Positions for objects that can be fairly represented by
AGK2 stars.
AGK2 * Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec (but with systematic errors).
AGK2 = Cat. I/2
AGK3 AGK3 (check SIMBAD or VizieR for the complete reference). Positions
AGK3 for stellar objects.
AGK3 * Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec (but with systematic errors).
AH Brent A. Archinal and Steven J. Hynes. "Star Clusters", 2003
AH Willmann-Bell, Richmond, VA. Positions for Galactic, LMC, SMC, M31,
AH and Fornax open and globular clusters, precessed from J2000.0.
AH * Standard deviation varies, depending on cluster size and position
AH source.
AH = 2003stcl.book.....A
AK A. N. Argue and C. M. Kenworthy, MNRAS 160, 197, 1972. NGC 1275.
AK N = 1
AK * Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
AK = 1972MNRAS.160..197A
AK90 O.B. Aaquist and S. Kwok. A&AS 84, 229, 1990. Position for NGC 6807
AK90 pulled in by B.A. Skiff.
AK90 * Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
AM H.C. Arp and B.F. Madore. "Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies
AM and Associations," Cambridge U. Press, 1987.
AM * Standard deviation around 15-20 arcsec.
AM = Cat. VII/170
AMo R.W. Argyle and L.V. Morrison, IAUC 5976, 1994. Offsets (9"w, 7"n;
AMo see Treffers etal. IAUC 5946) from SN 1994D in NGC 4526 for nucleus.
AMo SN pos is 12 31 29.945 +07 58 36.87 (n=18) +-0.06 arcsec.
AMo * Standard deviation about an arcsec; depends on offset.
AMo = 1994IAUC.5976....1A
APM S. Maddox et al, MNRAS 243, 692, 1990. APM Galaxy Catalogue, 1996
APM version. Selected galaxies only.
APM * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec for small galaxies, up to 8-10 arcsec
APM for large galaxies. Use 3 arcsec for the time being.
APM = 1990MNRAS.243..692M
APMN Northern APM scans from POSS1 copy plates. Seems to be free from the
APMN systematic errors that plague the southern APM positions.
APMN * Standard deviation for small galaxies 0.2 arcsec, probably around 1-2
APMN arcsec for large ones.
APMN = Cat. I/267
APMb J. Loveday et al, MNRAS 278, 1025, 1996. APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue.
APMb Selected galaxies only. Many galaxy images are contaminated by
APMb superposed star images, and many others have just plain wrong
APMb positions.
APMb * Standard deviation around 3 arcsec. Occasional much larger errors are
APMb weeded out.
APMb = 1996MNRAS.278.1025L
APMn A. Naim et al, MNRAS 274, 1107, 1995. 830+- galaxies in the south-
APMn equatorial zone. Same problems as the APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue
APMn (APMb here, which see), though superposed stars are less frequent.
APMn * Standard deviation around 8-10 arcsec.
APMn = 1995MNRAS.274.1107N
AO Aoki et al (1991, PASJ 43, 775; pos for IR nucleus of NGC 891)
AO * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
AO = 1991PASJ...43..755A
AR R. J. Allen and E. Raimond, A&A 19, 317, 1972. Maffei 2. N = 1
AR * Standard deviation 2 arcsec.
AR = 1972A&A....19..317A
ASec A. Secchi. AN 66, 11, 1866. About a dozen objects found by Brother
ASec Ferraro at College Roman, most now unidentifiable. Nominal positions.
ASec * Standard deviation meaningless.
ASec = 1866AN.....66..161S
Ames A. Ames, HA 88, No. 1, 1930. Virgo Cluster survey on four Bruce
Ames refractor plates. Only positions that Ames measured herself used
Ames here. She took most NGC/IC positions from the NGC/IC itself.
Ames * Standard deviation 20 arcsec at a guess.
Bar E.E. Barnard, various publications. Micrometric observations,
Bar re-reduced w.r.t. modern comparison positions when possible, precessed
Bar otherwise. (See also EEB, below).
Bar * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
Bax J. Baxendell. Nominal position for NGC 7088, a non-existent nebula.
Bax * Standard deviation meaningless.
Be L. Becker, Annals of the Edinburgh Observatory No. 1, page 1, 1902.
Be Meridian circle observations.
Be * Standard deviation around 5 arcsec at a guess.
Beck S.C. Beck et al. ApJ 457, 610, 1996. 2-cm and H-alpha peaks for NGC
Beck 5253; astrometry based on GSC stars.
Beck * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec in both coordinates.
Beck = 1996ApJ...457..610B
Bids Bidschof, AN 3520. Micrometric measurements at Vienna Obs.
Bids Precessed from 1890.0.
Bids * Standard deviation around 2 arcsec.
Big G. Bigourdan, visual micrometric measurements (1884 - 1907) reduced
Big by me w.r.t. SAO, AGK3, GSC, or AC positions, taking proper motion
Big into account when possible.
Big * Standard deviation varies, usually about 2 arcsec, but is larger for
Big objects with poorly-defined or faint nuclei.
Bige G. Bigourdan, estimated offset.
Bige * Standard deviation anywhere from 3 to 30 arcsec.
Bign Bigourdan's nominal position for objects not found by me.
Bign * Standard deviation meaningless in this case.
Bond G. P. Bond, AN 1453. Micrometric observations with the 16-inch
Bond Harvard refractor, c. 1850s. Most are stars.
Bond * Standard deviation around 20 arcsec at a guess.
Bord M. Rapaport et al. A&A 376, 325, 2001. Bordeaux meridian circle
Bord positions for PNe, extracted by Brian Skiff.
Bord * Standard deviation around 0.15 arcsec at a guess.
BAA Brent A. Archinal, private communication (but also see source AH).
BAA Open clusters.
BAA * Standard deviation 5-30 arcsec depending on cluster size.
BASm B. Skiff, means from several different sources, usually for
BASm planetaries.
BASm * Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsec.
BC R. Buta and H. Corwin, Ap. J. Suppl. 62, 255, 1986. Means of several
BC sources (calculated by me). Hercules Cluster. N = 35
BC * Standard deviation better than 1 arcsec.
BC = 1986ApJS...62..255B
BCG E.J. Barton, R.R. De Carvalho, and M.J. Geller. AJ 116, 1573, 1998.
BCG About 500 galaxies in or near compact groups.
BCG * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
BCG = 1998AJ....116.1573B
BCGP Barbieri, C., Capaccioli, M., Ganz, R., and Pinto, G. AJ 77, 444,
BCGP 1972. Radio sources.
BCGP * Standard deviation about 0.4 arcsec.
BCGP = 1972AJ.....77..444B
BI W.A. Baan and J.A. Irwin. ApJ 446, 602, 1995. 1412.1 and 1655.2 MHz
BI observations of the unresolved nuclear source in NGC 3079.
BI * Standard deviation around 0.3-0.4 arcsec.
BI = 1995ApJ...446..602B
BJM B.J. McNamara. PASP, 83, 491, 1971. Crab pulsar from Lick 36-inch
BJM plates.
BJM * Standard deviation around 0.1 arcsec.
BJM = 1971PASP...83..491M
BPP L. Basso, G. Palumbo, R. Primavera, G. Vettolani, and M. Vigotti.
BPP A&AS 83, 569, 1990. CGCG galaxies, Paper 4 (see VPS). Paper copies of
BPP microfiche scanned, proofed.
BPP * Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
BPP 5 arcsec.
BPP = 1990A&AS...83..569B
BSV Brian Skiff, private communication. Open clusters and central stars
BSV of planetaries, measured using SkyView, precessed from J2000.0.
BSV * Standard deviation depends on size of object. For planetaries, it is
BSV around 2 arcsec; for small compact clusters, around 5 arcsec; for
BSV large scattered clusters, around an arcmin.
BSa B. Santiago, private communication. ESGC galaxies, measured with
BSa an overlay. N = 20
BSa * Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
BSc E. Bica and H. Schmitt, ApJS 110, 41, 1995. SMC clusters and
BSc nebulae, from ESO IIIa-F sky survey films.
BSc * Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
BSc = 1995ApJS..101...41B
BTC Bordeaux Transit Circle. See 2001A&A...376..325R. Courtesy Brian
BTC Skiff; a few planetaries.
BTC * Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec at a guess (I obviously haven't seen the
BTC paper yet.)
BTC = Cat. I/272
Carl D.W. Evans, M.J. Irwin, and L. Helmer. A&A 395, 347, 2002. Carlsberg
Carl CCD drift scans in the +-3 deg equatorial belt. The galaxies are
Carl usually in the "reject" file, but their positions nevertheless have
Carl very small errors. This will eventually extend north to +30 deg.
Carl * Standard deviation "about 0.035 arcsec."
Carl = Cat. I/282
Cer V. Cerulli, AN 139, 47, 1895; NGC 5898, 5903 micrometrically measured,
Cer precessed from equinox 1895.
Cer * Standard deviation probably 2-3 arcsec
Cer = 1896AN....139...47C
Cope Ralph Copeland, found with LdR's 72-inch. Adopted only for missing
Cope objects.
Cope * Standard deviation meaningless.
CB2 J.J. Condon and J.J. Broderick. AJ 102, 1663, 1991. 6-cm and optical
CB2 positions for galaxies identified with IRAS sources.
CB2 * Standard deviations: less than 1 arcsec for 6-cm, 0.5 arcsec for
CB2 optical positions given to 0.1 arcsec, 3-5 arcsec for optical given
CB2 to 1 arcsec.
CB2 = 1991AJ....102.1663C
CB2o J.J. Condon and J.J. Broderick. AJ 102, 1663, 1991. 6-cm and optical
CB2o positions for galaxies identified with IRAS sources.
CB2o * Standard deviations: less than 1 arcsec for 6-cm, 0.5 arcsec for
CB2o optical positions given to 0.1 arcsec, 3-5 arcsec for optical given
CB2o to 1 arcsec.
CB2o = 1991AJ....102.1663C
CBF R. Chandar, L. Bianchi, H.C. Ford. ApJS 122, 431, 1999. M33 on HST
CBF WFPC2 frame.
CBF * Standard deviation around 0.2-0.3 arcsec.
CBF = 1999ApJS..122..431C
CCA W. Cotton, J.J. Condon, E. Arbizzani. ApJS, December 1999.
CCA All UGC galaxies, from DSS. NGC/IC identifications are mine.
CCA * Standard deviation: 1.2 arcsec (though CCA added in an additional
CCA error as a function of diameter as well; I've included their nominal
CCA error as a note).
CCA = 1999ApJS..125..409C
CCBD J.J. Condon, M.A. Condon, J.J. Broderick, and M.M. Davis. AJ 88, 20,
CCBD 1983. Optical positions for flat-spectrum radio sources. Four
CCBD NGC/IC objects included.
CCBD * Standard deviations: 1 arcsec.
CCBD = 1983AJ.....88...20C
CCR J.J. Condon, M.A. Condon, G. Gisler, and J.J. Puschell. ApJ 252, 102,
CCR 1982. 6- or 21-cm positions (CCR), or optical positions (CCO) for
CCR bright spirals.
CCR * Standard deviations: 1 arcsec (optical), "smaller than 1 arcsec"
CCR (radio).
CCR = 1982ApJ...252..102C
CCO J.J. Condon, M.A. Condon, G. Gisler, and J.J. Puschell. ApJ 252, 102,
CCO 1982. 6- or 21-cm positions (CCR), or optical positions (CCO) for
CCO bright spirals.
CCO * Standard deviations: 1 arcsec (optical), "smaller than 1 arcsec"
CCO (radio).
CCO = 1982ApJ...252..102C
CDC P.C. Crane, J.R. Dickel, and J.J. Cowan, ApJ 390, L9, 1992. 3.6 cm
CDC position for the nucleus of M31.
CDC * Standard deviation 0.4 arcsec.
CDC = 1992ApJ...390L...9C
CFB J.J. Condon, D.T. Frayer, and J.J. Broderick. AJ 101, 362, 1991.
CFB 6-cm and optical positions for UGC galaxies which are strong radio
CFB sources.
CFB * Standard deviations: less than 1 arcsec for 6-cm, 0.5 arcsec for
CFB optical positions given to 0.1 arcsec, 3-5 arcsec for optical given
CFB to 1 arcsec.
CFB = 1991AJ....101..362C
CFBo J.J. Condon, D.T. Frayer, and J.J. Broderick. AJ 101, 362, 1991.
CFBo 6-cm and optical positions for UGC galaxies which are strong radio
CFBo sources.
CFBo * Standard deviations: less than 1 arcsec for 6-cm, 0.5 arcsec for
CFBo optical positions given to 0.1 arcsec, 3-5 arcsec for optical given
CFBo to 1 arcsec.
CFBo = 1991AJ....101..362C
CK J. Condon and D.L. Kaplan, ApJS 117, 361, 1998. Optical positions of
CK planetary nebulae measured on DSS.
CK * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec for stellar planetaries, 5-10 arcsec
CK for larger objects.
CK = 1998ApJS..117..361C
CP C. Pollas, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, IAU Circulars Nos. 5076,
CP 5141, 5147, 5421; parent galaxies of SNe.
CP * Standard deviation probably 1-2 arcsec
CSD E. Corbelli, E. E. Salpeter, and J. M. Dickey, ApJ 370, 49, 1991.
CSD Positions for galaxies in two rich clusters, including Abell 400.
CSD * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
CSD = 1991ApJ...370...49C
CSP C. S. Pierce, Harvard Annals, Vol 8, Part 1. Used only when the
CSP object is not found (e.g. NGC 1170).
CSP * Standard deviation meaningless.
CW Carl Wirtz, Strassburg Annals, 1911. Precessed from 1900, or
CW occasionally re-reduced from the original micrometric offsets.
CW * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
(CW1 Identification by Corwin, position from Wolf, List 1 (MW1).)
(CW1 This source replaced by MW1.
(CW1 * Standard deviation around 3-5 arcsec.
d'A Heinrich d'Arrest, 1867. Observed positions precessed from 1861.
d'A Usually included only for nebulae not found.
d'A * Standard deviation around an arcmin, but meaningless for objects not
d'A found.
dBW A.G. de Bruyn and A.G. Willis. A&A 33, 351, 1974. 6-cm positions for
dBW NGC 2782 and NGC 4151 (RA's only, not included here, for N1068, N3227,
dBW and N7469).
dBW * Standard deviation 1 arcsec or better.
dBW = 1974A&A....33..351D
Den Denning, private communication to Dreyer; taken from NGC.
Den This source will be replaced; positions are place-holders for now.
Den * Standard deviation around 2-3 arcmin.
DAD D. A. Dale, AJ, in press. DSS positions for galaxies in clusters.
DAD * Standard deviation around 1 arcsec.
DC L. L. Dressel and J. J. Condon, Ap. J. Suppl. 31, 187, 1976.
DC * Standard deviation around 4 arcsec.
DC = 1976ApJS...31..187D
DDB D.D. Balam. IAUC 6427. Positions for parent galaxies of SNe.
DDB * Standard deviation better than 0.5 arcsec.
DDB = 1996IAUC.6427R...1W
DFOT M. Doi, M. Fukugita, S. Okamura, and K. Tarusawa. ApJS 97, 77, 1995.
DFOT Galaxies brighter than B = 16 within 5 degrees of the Coma Cluster.
DFOT * Standard deviation around 1 arcsec.
DFOT = 1995ApJS...97...77D
DJSo D.J. Saikia et al. MNRAS 245, 397, 1990. Optical and radio positions
DJSo for nuclear hot spots in NGC 1808.
DJSo * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
DJSo = 1990MNRAS.245..397S
DJSr D.J. Saikia et al. MNRAS 245, 397, 1990. Optical and radio positions
DJSr for nuclear hot spots in NGC 1808.
DJSr * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
DJSr = 1990MNRAS.245..397S
DKM1 D. K. Milne, A.J. 78, 239, 1973. Planetaries.
DKM1 * Standard deviation 6-8 arcsec.
DKM1 = 1973AJ.....78..239M
DKM2 D. K. Milne, A.J. 81, 753, 1976. Planetaries.
DKM2 * Standard deviation 6-8 arcsec.
DKM2 = 1976AJ.....81..753M
DLW D. L. Welch, AJ 101, 538, 1991. SMC clusters.
DLW * Standard deviation 5 arcsec.
DLW = 1991AJ....101..538W
DM S. Djorgovski and G. Meylan, 1993, in Structure and Dynamics of
DM Globular Clusters, ASP Conference Series No. 50, ed. Djorgovski, S.
DM and Meylan, G., ASP (San Francisco), p. 325. Globulars.
DM * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
DS Delisle Stewart, HA 60. 677 nebulae found on 24-inch Bruce reflector
DS plates taken at Arequipa, Peru. Used only when the nebula is not
DS found. Given to 0.1 minute and 1 arcmin in HA 60.
DS * Standard deviation meaningless.
DWFo M. J. Drinkwater, R. L. Webster, P. J. Francis, J. J. Condon,
DWFo S. L. Ellison, D. L. Jauncey, J. Lovell, B. A. Peterson, and
DWFo A. Savage, MNRAS 284, 85, 1997. Optical positions for Parkes radio
DWFo sources, taken from the COSMOS/UKST Southern Sky Catalogue, corrected
DWFo for systematic plate-to-plate errors; or from APM scans of the POSS1.
DWFo * Standard deviation 0.8 arcsec.
DWFo = 1997MNRAS.284...85D
DWFr M. J. Drinkwater, R. L. Webster, P. J. Francis, J. J. Condon,
DWFr S. L. Ellison, D. L. Jauncey, J. Lovell, B. A. Peterson, and
DWFr A. Savage, MNRAS 284, 85, 1997. Radio positions for Parkes radio
DWFr sources, observed at the VLA or at the ATCA.
DWFr * Standard deviation about 0.3 - 0.5 arcsec.
DWFr = 1997MNRAS.284...85D
dEn d'Engelhardt, monograph. Micrometric positions for a few IC objects,
dEn precessed from 1885.0.
dEn * Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec at a guess.
ECP Edward C. Pickering, Harvard Circular No. 5.
ECP Miscellaneous positions, usually measured on Harvard plates.
ECP * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
EDC E. D. Clements, MNRAS 197, 829, 1981. Seyfert Galaxies. N = 14
EDC * Standard deviation around 0.15 arcsec.
EDC = 1981MNRAS.197..829C
EEB E.E. Barnard, IC positions precessed; used for objects not found in
EEB any of Barnard's published papers. Some positions are exact and
EEB obviously micrometrically measured, but most are clearly estimates.
EEB I've found one (IC 5259) that is 2.5 min off in RA, and another (IC
EEB 5366) that may be 2 degrees off.
EEB * Standard deviation varies, but take an arcmin.
EHDS E. Hummel and D.J. Saikia, A&A 249, 43, 1991. 1.49 GHz and 4.86 GHz
EHDS positions for NGC 4388 and NGC 4438.
EHDS * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec at a guess.
EHDS = 1991A&A...249...43H
EHo Eric Holmberg, Double Galaxy Catalogue, 1937. Delta RA, delta Dec
EHo from main galaxy to companions.
EHo * Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
EHo = 1937AnLun...6....1H
EJS E. J. Shaya, et al. A.J. 111, 2212, 1996. N = 1. NGC 1316
EJS * Standard deviation probably 0.5 arcsec or so.
EJS = 1996AJ....111.2212S
En R. Engelmann, AN 104, 193, 1883. Meridian circle observations.
En Precessed from equinox 1870.0.
En * Standard deviation around 3-5 arcsec; there is probably a systematic
En offset.
En = 1883AN....104..193E
ESO Andris Lauberts, The ESO/Uppsala Survey of the Quick B Atlas of the
ESO Southern Sky (Garching: ESO), 1982. This reference is being replaced
ESO by the more explicit ESOB as I find them.
ESO * Standard deviation about 5-6 arcsec.
ESO = 1982ESO...C......0L
ESOB Andris Lauberts, The ESO/Uppsala Survey of the Quick B Atlas of the
ESOB Southern Sky (Garching: ESO), 1982.
ESOB * Standard deviation about 5-6 arcsec.
ESOB = 1982ESO...C......0L
ESOL A. Lauberts and E. Valentijn, Surface Photometry of the ESO/Uppsala
ESOL Galaxies (Garching: ESO), 1989. Positions revised from ESO, newly
ESOL measured, or offset from ESO-B position.
ESOL * Standard deviation about 6-8 arcsec.
ESOL = Cat. VII/115
ESOLV A. Lauberts and E. Valentijn, Surface Photometry of the ESO/Uppsala
ESOLV Galaxies (Garching: ESO), 1989. Positions revised from ESO, newly
ESOLV measured, or offset from ESO-B position.
ESOLV* Standard deviation about 6-8 arcsec.
ESOLV= Cat. VII/115
EWSo R.D. Ekers, J.V. Wall, P.A. Shaver, W.M. Goss, R.A.E. Fosbury,
EWSo I.J. Danziger, A.F.M. Moorwood, D.F. Malin, A.S. Monk, and J.A. Ekers.
EWSo MNRAS 236, 737, 1989. Optical positions for radio galaxies.
EWSo * Standard deviation 1-1.5 arcsec.
EWSo = 1989MNRAS.236..737E
EWSr R.D. Ekers, J.V. Wall, P.A. Shaver, W.M. Goss, R.A.E. Fosbury,
EWSr I.J. Danziger, A.F.M. Moorwood, D.F. Malin, A.S. Monk, and J.A. Ekers.
EWSr MNRAS 236, 737, 1989. 6.1-cm positions for radio galaxies.
EWSr * Standard deviation 0.3-0.5 arcsec.
EWSr = 1989MNRAS.236..737E
FAB F.A. Bellamy. MN 64, 662, 1904. Position for IC 4996, derived from
FAB an approximate mean for positions of 103 stars in an area about 15
FAB arcmin across.
FAB * Standard deviation 2-3 arcmin.
FAB = 1904MNRAS..64..662B
FAST FASTT transit circle. See 1999AJ....118.2488S. Courtesy of Brian
FAST Skiff; a few planetaries.
FAST * Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec at a guess (I obviously haven't seen the
FAST paper yet).
FAST = 1999AJ....118.2488S
FBP C.B. Foltz, B.M. Peterson, and T.A. Boroson. Astron. J. 85, 1328,
FBP 1980. Markarian 701-797.
FBP * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
FBP = 1980AJ.....85.1328F
FBi F. Bidschof. (Ann. K. K. Univ.-Sternw. Wein, 14, 1, 1900).
FBi Micrometric measurements, precessed from 1897.0.
FBi * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec at a guess.
FC H. Ferguson, A.J. 98, 367, 1989, from hand measures of Las Campanas
FC 2.5-m plate. Fornax Cluster. (This and sources FSn and FSs replace
FC source HF.)
FC * Standard deviation 20 arcsec at a guess.
FC = 1989AJ.....98..367F
FCJL H.C. Ford, P.C. Crane, G.H. Jacoby, D.G. Lawrie, and J.M. van der
FCJL Hulst. ApJ 293, 132, 1985. 6 and 20-cm observations of NGC 5194.
FCJL * Standard deviation 0.04 arcsec.
FCJL = 1985ApJ...293..132F
FGLM E.B. Fomalont, W.M. Goss, A.G. Lyme, R.N. Manchester. MN 210, 113,
FGLM 1984. Crab pulsar from VLA observations.
FGLM * Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec
FGLM = 1984MNRAS.210..113F
FK5 Fifth Fundamental Catalogue. Positions for a few bright stars.
FK5 * Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec
FK5 = Cat. I/149
FKL K.C. Freeman, B. Karlsson, G. Lynga, J.F. Burrell, H. van Woerden,
FKL and W.M. Goss. A&A 55, 445, 1977. Optical position for the Circinus
FKL Galaxy.
FKL = 1977A&A....55..445F
FMu Frank Muller, micrometric measurements, re-reduced using modern
FMu positions for comparison stars.
FPB C.B. Foltz, B.M. Peterson, and T.A. Boroson. AJ 85, 1328, 1980.
FPB = 1980AJ.....85.1328F
FSn H. Ferguson, A.J. 98, 367, 1989, from unsaturated PDS scans of IIIa-J
FSn plate. Fornax Cluster.
FSn * Standard deviation 3 arcsec.
FSn = 1989AJ.....98..367F
FSs H. Ferguson, A.J. 98, 367, 1989, from saturated PDS scans of IIIa-J
FSs plate. Fornax Cluster.
FSs * Standard deviation 10 arcsec at a guess.
FSs = 1989AJ.....98..367F
FT J.R. Fisher and R.B. Tully. (A&A 44, 151, 1975). DDO galaxies.
FT * Standard deviation 10 arcsec.
FT = 1975A&A....44..151F
Fin W. H. Finlay. A few nebulae found with the 7-inch refractor at Cape
Fin Town in the 1890's. Positions reported only if the objects are not
Fin found.
Fin * Standard deviation meaningless.
Fr R. H. Frost, in Harvard Annals 60. Used only when the object is not
Fr found.
Fr * Standard deviation meaningless.
GC J.R. Glanfield and M.J. Cameron. Aust. J. Phys. 20, 613, 1967.
GC 139 Bright galaxies south of +20 degrees.
GC * Standard deviation 15 arcsec.
GD Glen Deen, private communication.
GD * Standard deviation 5-6 arcsec at a guess.
GDC [Unknown source]. Position for IC 2373 = UGC 04409.
GGH N.A. Grogin, M.J. Geller, and J.P. Huchra. ApJS 119, 277, 1998.
GGH Galaxies within 15 degrees of 3C 273, most from CGCG.
GGH * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
GGH = 1998ApJS..119..277G
GGN S. Garcia-Burillo, M. Guelin, and N. Neininger, IRAM preprint No.
GGN 416, 1996 (to appear in A&A). Kinematic center of NGC 5907 from
GGN high-resolution CO(1-0) observations.
GGN * Standard deviation on the order of 1 arcsec.
GGN = 1997A&A...319..450G
GH Gallouet and Heidmann (A&A Suppl. 3, 325, 1971). RC1 galaxies, -2deg
GH to +26deg.
GH * Standard deviation 4-6 arcsec.
GH = 1971A&AS....3..325G
GHD1 Gallouet, Heidmann, and Dampierre (A&A Suppl. 12, 89, 1973). RC1
GHD1 galaxies, +26deg to +90deg.
GHD1 * Standard deviation 4-6 arcsec.
GHD1 = 1973A&AS...12...89G
GHD2 Gallouet, Heidmann, and Dampierre (A&A Suppl. 19, 1, 1975). RC1
GHD2 galaxies, -2deg to -33deg.
GHD2 * Standard deviation 4-6 arcsec.
GHD2 = 1975A&AS...19....1G
GJM L.J. Greenhill, D.R. Jiang, J.M. Moran, M.J. Reid, K.-Y. Lo, and
GJM M.J. Claussen. ApJ 440, 619, 1995. Water maser in the nucleus of
GJM NGC 4258.
GJM * Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec.
GJM = 1995ApJ...440..619G
GMH L.J. Greenhill, J.M. Moran, and J.R. Herrnstein. ApJ 481, L23, 1997.
GMH VLBA position for the water maser in the nucleus of NGC 4945.
GMH * Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec.
GMH = 1997ApJ...481L..23G
GMKM P. Goudfrooij, J. Mack, M. Kissler-Patig, G. Meylan, and D. Minniti.
GMKM MNRAS, 322, 643, 2001. Optical position for NGC 1316, "derived from
GMKM archival HST/WFPC2 images".
GMKM * Standard deviation on the order of 0.3 arcsec at a guess.
GMKM = 2001MNRAS.322..643G
GMS G. M. Searle, micrometric observations in HA 60. Re-reduced when
GMS offsets given.
GMS * Standard deviation about 2 arcsec at a guess.
GPB R.E. Goodson, J.J. Palimaka, and A.H. Bridle. AJ 84, 1111, 1979.
GPB Radio sources and a few companions.
GPB * Standard deviation about 0.4 arcsec.
GPB = 1979AJ.....84.1111G
GRP L. Gregorini, H.R. de Ruiter, P. Parma, E.M. Sadler, G. Vettolani,
GRP and R.D. Ekers. A&AS 106, 1, 1994. Optical positions for "dumbbell"
GRP galaxies in rich southern clusters.
GRP * Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
GRP = 1994A&AS..106....1G
GSC Guide Star Catalog, V1.1 (Space Telescope Science Institute, 1991).
GSC * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec. The final digits (0.01 sec, 0.1 arcsec
GSC are not significant, but are carried for roundoff protection.
GSC = Cat. I/254
GSC2 Guide Star Catalog, V2.2 (Space Telescope Science Institute, 2001).
GSC2 * Standard deviation 0.2-0.3 arcsec for stellar images.
GSC2 = Cat. I/271
GSCm Mean of "several" objects from Guide Star Catalog, V1.1 (STScI, 1991),
GSCm typically for double or multiple stars.
GSCm * Standard deviation 2-10 arcsec, depending on separation.
GSCm = Cat. I/220
GSCA GSC-ACT. Re-reduction of GSC 1.1 by Bill Gray using ACT stars as the
GSCA reference frame. Also called GSC "1.3" by CDS.
GSCA * Standard deviation about 0.3-0.4 arcsec for stellar objects.
GSCA = Cat. I/255
GSCM Dan Moaz, et al. 1996ApJS..107..215M. "An Atlas of HST UV Images of
GSCM Nearby Galaxies." From GASP images; intensity weighted centroids,
GSCM similar to GSC. N = 110
GSCM * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec, though occasional accidental errors due
GSCM to distorted isophotes can be up to 5 arcsec.
GSCM = 1996ApJS..107..215M
GSCT D.A. Turnshek, et al. A.J. 99, 1243, 1990. 3 globulars, 2 galaxies,
GSCT from the Guide Star Catalog "using the Center of Gravity centroiding
GSCT method, mean error 1 arcsec." For stellar objects, yes, but not for
GSCT these five "non-stellar" objects.
GSCT * Standard deviation 5-10 arcsec.
GSCT = 1990AJ.....99.1243T
GSWr R.D. Gehrz, R.A. Sramek, and D.W. Weedman. ApJ 267, 551, 1983.
GSWr 6 and 20-cm observations of NGC 3690e and w (incorrectly called NGC
GSWr 3690 and IC 694), and H-alpha peaks (read from their maps).
GSWr * Standard deviation better than 0.3 arcsec for the radio observations,
GSWr 0.5 for the optical.
GSWr = 1983ApJ...267..551G
GSWo R.D. Gehrz, R.A. Sramek, and D.W. Weedman. ApJ 267, 551, 1983.
GSWo 6 and 20-cm observations of NGC 3690e and w (incorrectly called NGC
GSWo 3690 and IC 694), and H-alpha peaks (read from their maps).
GSWo * Standard deviation better than 0.3 arcsec for the radio observations,
GSWo 0.5 for the optical.
GSWo = 1983ApJ...267..551G
GVW G.V. Williams. IAUC 6427. Positions for nuclei of SN parent
GVW galaxies.
GVW * Standard deviation better than 0.5 arcsec.
GVW = 1996IAUC.6427R...1W
GYSB P. Guhathakurta, B. Yanny, D.P. Schneider, and J.N. Bahcall. AJ 111,
GYSB 267, 1996. M15
GYSB * Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec.
GYSB = 1996AJ....111..267G
GrV G. Grueff and M. Vigotti. A&AS 6, 1, 1972. Positions for B2 radio
GrV sources identified with galaxies.
GrV * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
GrV = 1972A&AS....6....1G
Hart E. Hartwig, AN 112, 407, 1885. Five new nebulae found with the
Hart 18-inch refractor at Strassburg, micrometrically measured.
Hart * Standard deviation about 5 arcsec.
Hart = 1885AN....112..407H
Harv Harvard Annals, Vol. 8. Nominal position for NGC 3097, now lost.
Harv * Standard deviation meaningless.
Hee D.S. Heeshan. ApJ 151, L135, 1968. NGC 1052.
Hee * Standard deviation around 0.5 arcsec.
Hee = 1968ApJ...151L.135H
Hu Edwin Hubble, Publ. Yerkes Obs. 4, Part II, 1917. Photographic
Hu positions, refered to AGK1 stars, precessed.
Hu * Standard deviation about 5 arcsec.
HC My own measurements with an engineering scale, astrometrically
HC reduced, generally on the PSS prints, sometimes from the IIIa-J SSS
HC films.
HC * Standard deviation about 5 arcsec.
HC2m My own measurements using IPAC Skyview with 2MASS J-band images for
HC2m galaxy nuclei (intensity-weighted centroids using Skyview's "examine"
HC2m command). Most of the nuclei are stellar in the 2MASS frames.
HC2m * Standard deviation 0.15 arcsec internal, in both RA and Dec, from
HC2m measurements of Tycho-2 stars in the same 2MASS frames.
HCds My own measurements using IPAC Skyview with DSS images downloaded from
HCds STScI or GSFC's SkyView. Intensity weighted centroids using Skyview
HCds "examine" command are given to 0.01 sec and 0.1 sec, positions from
HCds "pick" command, or means, are given to 0.1 sec and 1 sec.
HCds * Standard deviation 0.8 arcsecond for well-defined images, 2-5 arcsec
HCds for large overexposed images. The 0.01 seconds and 0.1 arcsec digits
HCds are barely significant, and are carried as roundoff protection.
HCe My own measurements for very large diffuse nebulae. Positions are
HCe the estimated center of gravity of the image on the PSS, and are
HCe adequate for identification.
HCe * Standard deviation about 0.1 degree.
HCht My own measurements from HST images. Details in Notes for each
HCht object.
HCht * Standard deviation about 0.1 arcsec, dominated by systematic error.
HChw My own measurements in 1970-71 for NGC/IC objects on the Hodge-Wright
HChw LMC Atlas charts.
HChw * Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
HCm Means from several sources, reduced by me.
HCm * Standard deviation usually better than 1 arc second, but depends on
HCm sources used and centering.
HCo My own measurements, offset from GSC stars unless noted, generally on
HCo the PSS prints, sometimes on the IIIa-J SSS films.
HCo * Standard deviation around 2 arcsec if the GSC star/galaxy is within
HCo 2 arcmin of the object, around 4-5 arcsec for larger distances.
HCos My own measurements, offset from SAO stars, generally on the PSS
HCos prints, sometimes on the IIIa-J SSS films. Most are now replaced or
HCos rejected.
HCos * Standard deviation is around 10-15 arcsec; larger accidental errors
HCos are not uncommon.
HCp My own measurements using the Edinburgh XY machine, astrometrically
HCp reduced w.r.t. SAO stars. Indus Supercluster galaxies.
HCp * Standard deviation better than 1 arc second, but subject to
HCp systematic errors in the SAO positions.
HCns My own measurements using IPAC Skyview with NEAT/SkyMorph images
HCns downloaded from GSFC's SkyView. See HCds for more info.
HCns * Standard deviation unknown, but under one arcsec.
HCrs My own measurements using RealSky images. RealSkyView positions are
HCrs given to 0.1 sec and 1 arcsec, Skyview positions to 0.01 sec and 0.1
HCrs arcsec. Reference system is AGK3.
HCrs * Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsecond for small galaxies, 2-3 arcsec
HCrs for larger or brighter ones using RealSkyView. Probably a bit better
HCrs for positions from Skyview.
HCsv My own measurements using GSFC SkyView with the DSS via WWW.
HCsv * Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsecond.
HDW E. Hummel, R.-J. Dettmar, and R. Wielebinski. A&A 166, 97, 1986.
HDW NGC 55. Center of maximum HI symmetry coincides with blue-light peak
HDW (see G. de Vaucouleurs, ApJ 133, 405, 1961).
HDW * Standard deviation 5-10 arcsec at a guess.
HDW = 1986A&A...166...97H
HH H. Howe, Monthly Notices series from 1898 to 1900. Visual
HH micrometric positions precessed from equinox 1900.0. Standard stars
HH and offsets are not given.
HH * Standard deviations are around 4-8 arcsec at a guess.
HHD E. Hummel, J.M. van der Hulst, and J.M. Dickey. A&AS 134, 207, 1984.
HHD VLA 2, 6, and 20-cm observations of 16 galaxies.
HHD * Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec.
HHD = 1984A&A...134..207H
HHKK E. Hummel, J.M. van der Hulst, W.C. Keel, and R.C. Kennicutt, Jr.
HHKK A&AS, 70, 517, 1987. 1.49 GHz VLA observations of 75 galaxies.
HHKK * Standard deviations are better than one arcsec.
HHKK = 1987A&AS...70..517H
HK H. Kobold, Strassburg Annals, 1909. Visual micrometric precessed
HK from equinox 1900, or re-reduced taking proper motion into account
HK if possible. Noted if not re-reduced.
HK * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
HKA P. Hickson, E. Kindl, J.R. Auman, Ap.J.Suppl. 70, 687, 1989.
HKA Galaxies in compact groups.
HKA * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
HKA = 1989ApJS...70..687H
HR W. K. Huchtmeier and O.-G. Richter. A General Catalogue of HI
HR Observations of Galaxies. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989. Interim
HR source; most positions are not original.
HR * Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
HR = Cat. VIII/68
HSA+ C. Hazard, J. Sutton, A.N. Argue, C.M. Kenworthy, L.V. Morrison, and
HSA+ C.A. Murray. Nature (Phys. Sci.) 233, 189, 1971. 3C 273.
HSA+ * Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec.
HS1 H. Schultz. Monograph, AN 1541, AN 1555. Micrometric positions,
HS1 re-reduced with modern positions for the reference stars. All
HS1 positions here are also in HS2, but the offsets are given here.
HS1 * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
HS2 H. Schultz. MNRAS 35, 135, 1875. Micrometric positions, precessed.
HS2 * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
HS2 = 1875MNRAS..35..135S
HWD H.W. Duerbeck, Space Science Reviews 45, 1, 1987. Catalogue of
HWD Classical Novae.
HWD * Standard deviation unknown, probably depends on original source.
HWD Those that I've checked on DSS are within an arcsec.
HWD = 1987SSRv...45....1D
I1 S. Ishikawa, Ann. Tokyo Astron. Obs., 2nd Ser., 21, 437. Virgo
I1 Cluster area dwarves.
I1 * Standard deviation appears to be about 2 arcsec.
IDB R. Garnier, G. Paturel, C. Petit, M.C. Marthinet, and J. Rousseau.
IDB "An Image Database." Positions derived from scanned images of POSS1.
IDB * Standard deviation appears to be around 5-10 arcsec. Large accidental
IDB errors are common, however, and many "galaxies" are actually stars or
IDB have stars nearby included in the image.
IPds Igor Pesenson. Measurements using IPAC Skyview "pick" command with
IPds DSS images clipped from CD-ROM.
IPds * Standard deviation 1.2 arcsecond for well-defined images, 2-5 arcsec
IPds for larger galaxies.
IR Isaac Roberts. IC objects found on his 20-inch reflector plates.
IR * Standard deviation varies depending on size of object.
IRAS IRAS Point Source or Small-Scale Structure Catalogues. 1987.
IRAS I'm replacing these with optical positions.
IRAS * Standard deviation about 15 arcsec, but varies widely depending on
IRAS number of scans, position on sky, etc.
IRAS = Cat. II/125, VII/73
Inn R.T.A. Innes, from one of the three lists that involve his
Inn observations from Cape Town. About a dozen objects; some micrometric
Inn measurements, some circle settings.
Inn * Standard deviation varies, depending on observing method.
J S. Javelle, from IC. Re-reduced using modern positions for comparison
J stars.
J * Standard deviation around 4-5 arcsec, but there are occasional
J blunders in these lists.
JA Jason Adamik, private communication via Glen Deen.
JA * Standard deviation 5-6 arcsec at a guess.
JB J. G. Bolton, PASP 80, 5, 1968. N = 1 (N1068)
JB * Standard deviation around 0.5 arcsec.
JB = 1968PASP...80....5B
JCR J.J. Condon. ApJ 242, 894, 1980. 6-cm and optical positions for
JCR compact radio sources and nuclei of bright spirals.
JCR * Standard deviations: 1 arcsec (optical), 0.3 arcsec (radio).
JCR = 1980ApJ...242..894C
JCO J.J. Condon. ApJ 242, 894, 1980. 6-cm and optical positions for
JCO compact radio sources and nuclei of bright spirals.
JCO * Standard deviations: 1 arcsec (optical), 0.3 arcsec (radio).
JCO = 1980ApJ...242..894C
JFJS J.F.J. Schmidt, AN 70, 343, 1868; micrometric observations, precessed.
JFJS * Standard deviation 2-4 arcsec at a guess, but there may be systematic
JFJS errors, too.
JFJS = 1868AN.....70..343S
JG W. Jaffe and G. Gavazzi, AJ 91, 204, 1986. Coma Supercluster.
JG * Standard deviation around 2 arcsec when position is given to 0.01
JG seconds and 0.1 arcsec. A few positions are apparently accurate to
JG 0.1 second and 1 arcsec, and 1 second and 0.1 arcmin; these are
JG obviously less accurate. Positions apparently accurate to 0.1 minute
JG and 1 arcmin are from CGCG, and were not entered into the position
JG files.
JG = 1986AJ.....91..204J
JGr J. Gretchen, priv. comm. via B. A. Skiff. Nuclei of bright galaxies,
JGr from multiple short exposure CCD frames with 15-cm reflector
JGr (3 arcsec/pixel), reduced wrt GSC 2.2 stars.
JGr * Standard deviation 0.2-0.4 arcsec.
JGL J. G. Lohse, from NGC. Used only when the object is unrecoverable.
JGL * Standard deviation meaningless
JGV W. Jaffe, G. Gavazzi, and E. Valentijn, AJ 91, 204, 1986. Groups in
JGV the Coma Supercluster.
JGV * Standard deviation around 2 arcsec.
JH John Herschel's positions, adopted for large diffuse nebulae or open
JH clusters when accurate enough. Also used as nominal positions for
JH objects not found.
JH * Standard deviation 20-30 arcsec.
JHS J. H. Safford, from NGC. Used only for NGC 2198: the object is
JHS unrecoverable.
JHS * Standard deviation meaningless
JJ J. E. Jones and B. T. Jones, MNRAS 191, 685, 1980. Fornax Cluster.
JJ * Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
JJ = 1980MNRAS.191..685J
JK James Keeler, Lick Obs. Publ. 8, 1908. Measured on Lick Obs.
JK 36-inch reflector plates.
JK * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec, may have systematic errors depending
JK on the (unspecified) reference star system -- but doesn't look like
JK it.
JK = 1908PLicO...8....1K
JMcA P.A. Jones and W.B. McAdam. ApJS 80, 137, 1992. Optical positons for
JMcA southern radio sources.
JMcA * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
JMcA = 1992ApJS...80..137J
JPa J. Palisa, AN 3235 (and others to come as needed). Micrometric
JPa discovery observations for nebulae, re-reduced wrt modern positions.
JPa * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec at a guess.
JS J.F.J. Schmidt, AN 2097, 1876; Fornax Cluster.
JS * Standard deviation 10 arcsec at a guess, but there are several obvious
JS typos here (corrected when found).
JSMo D.L. Jauncey, A. Savage, D.D. Morabito, R.A. Preston, G.D. Nicolson,
JSMo and A.K. Tzioumis. AJ 98, 54, 1989. Optical positions for a few
JSMo radio sources with NGC identifications.
JSMo * Standard deviation probably around one arcsec for optical positions,
JSMo and around 0.3 arcsec for radio positions.
JSMo = 1989AJ.....98...54J
JSMr D.L. Jauncey, A. Savage, D.D. Morabito, R.A. Preston, G.D. Nicolson,
JSMr and A.K. Tzioumis. AJ 98, 54, 1989. Optical positions for a few
JSMr radio sources with NGC identifications.
JSMr * Standard deviation probably around one arcsec for optical positions,
JSMr and around 0.3 arcsec for radio positions.
JSMr = 1989AJ.....98...54J
JT Juan Thome, Cordoba Durchmusterung. Positions for a few IC objects.
JT * Standard deviation 30 arcsec at a guess.
K01 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K01 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K01 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K01 references:
K01 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K01 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K01 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K01 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K01 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K01 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K01 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K01 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K01 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K01 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K01 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K01 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K01 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K01 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K01 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K01 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K01 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K01 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K01 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K01 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K01 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K01 = 1984AnTok..192.595T
K02 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K02 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K02 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K02 references:
K02 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K02 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K02 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K02 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K02 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K02 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K02 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K02 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K02 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K02 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K02 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K02 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K02 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K02 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K02 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K02 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K02 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K02 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K02 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K02 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K02 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K02 = 1985AnTok..202.237T
K03 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K03 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K03 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K03 references:
K03 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K03 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K03 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K03 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K03 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K03 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K03 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K03 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K03 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K03 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K03 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K03 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K03 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K03 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K03 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K03 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K03 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K03 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K03 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K03 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K03 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K03 = 1985AnTok..202.335T
K04 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K04 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K04 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K04 references:
K04 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K04 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K04 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K04 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K04 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K04 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K04 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K04 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K04 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K04 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K04 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K04 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K04 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K04 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K04 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K04 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K04 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K04 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K04 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K04 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K04 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K04 = 1986AnTok..212.127T
K05 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K05 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K05 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K05 references:
K05 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K05 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K05 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K05 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K05 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K05 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K05 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K05 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K05 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K05 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K05 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K05 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K05 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K05 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K05 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K05 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K05 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K05 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K05 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K05 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K05 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K05 = 1986AnTok..212.181T
K06 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K06 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K06 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K06 references:
K06 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K06 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K06 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K06 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K06 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K06 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K06 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K06 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K06 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K06 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K06 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K06 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K06 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K06 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K06 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K06 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K06 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K06 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K06 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K06 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K06 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K06 = 1987AnTok..212.251T
K07 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K07 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K07 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K07 references:
K07 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K07 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K07 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K07 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K07 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K07 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K07 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K07 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K07 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K07 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K07 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K07 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K07 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K07 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K07 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K07 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K07 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K07 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K07 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K07 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K07 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K07 = 1987AnTok..212.363T
K08 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K08 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K08 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K08 references:
K08 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K08 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K08 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K08 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K08 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K08 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K08 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K08 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K08 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K08 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K08 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K08 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K08 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K08 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K08 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K08 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K08 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K08 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K08 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K08 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K08 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K08 = 1988AnTok..222..41T
K09 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K09 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K09 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K09 references:
K09 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K09 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K09 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K09 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K09 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K09 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K09 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K09 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K09 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K09 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K09 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K09 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K09 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K09 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K09 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K09 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K09 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K09 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K09 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K09 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K09 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K09 = 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K10 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K10 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K10 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K10 references:
K10 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K10 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K10 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K10 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K10 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K10 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K10 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K10 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K10 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K10 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K10 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K10 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K10 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K10 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K10 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K10 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K10 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K10 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K10 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K10 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K10 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K10 = 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K10a n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K10a B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K10a 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K10a references:
K10a K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K10a K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K10a K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K10a K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K10a K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K10a K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K10a K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K10a K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K10a K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K10a K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K10a K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K10a K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K10a K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K10a K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K10a K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K10a K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K10a K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K10a K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K10a * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K10a for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K10a probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K10a = 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K11 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K11 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K11 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K11 references:
K11 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K11 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K11 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K11 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K11 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K11 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K11 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K11 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K11 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K11 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K11 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K11 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K11 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K11 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K11 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K11 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K11 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K11 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K11 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K11 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K11 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K11 = 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K12 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K12 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K12 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K12 references:
K12 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K12 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K12 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K12 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K12 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K12 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K12 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K12 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K12 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K12 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K12 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K12 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K12 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K12 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K12 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K12 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K12 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K12 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K12 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K12 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K12 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K12 = 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K13 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K13 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K13 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K13 references:
K13 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K13 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K13 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K13 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K13 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K13 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K13 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K13 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K13 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K13 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K13 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K13 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K13 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K13 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K13 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K13 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K13 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K13 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K13 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K13 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K13 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K13 = 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K14 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K14 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K14 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K14 references:
K14 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K14 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K14 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K14 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K14 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K14 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K14 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K14 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K14 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K14 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K14 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K14 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K14 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K14 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K14 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K14 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K14 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K14 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K14 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K14 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K14 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K14 = 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K15 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K15 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K15 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K15 references:
K15 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K15 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K15 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K15 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K15 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K15 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K15 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K15 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K15 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K15 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K15 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K15 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K15 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K15 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K15 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K15 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K15 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K15 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K15 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K15 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K15 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K15 = 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K16 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K16 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K16 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K16 references:
K16 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K16 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K16 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K16 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K16 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K16 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K16 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K16 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K16 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K16 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K16 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K16 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K16 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K16 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K16 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K16 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K16 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K16 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K16 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K16 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K16 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K16 = 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K17 n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K17 B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K17 169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K17 references:
K17 K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K17 K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K17 K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K17 K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K17 K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K17 K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K17 K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K17 K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K17 K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K17 K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K17 K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K17 K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K17 K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K17 K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K17 K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K17 K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K17 K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K17 K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K17 * Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K17 for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K17 probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K17 = 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
Ka83 J.D. Kaler. ApJ 271, 188, 1983. Positions for planetary nebulae,
Ka83 brought in by B.A. Skiff.
Ka83 * Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
Ka83 = 1983ApJ...271..188K
Ko+ G. Kojoian and colleagues, VV galaxies, unpublished.
Ko+ * Standard deviation varies from 2 arcsec to more than 20 arcsec
Ko+ depending on size of galaxy.
KAR P.C. van der Kruit, R.J. Allen, A.H. Rots. A&A 55, 421, 1977.
KAR Optical position for NGC 6946.
KAR = 1977A&A....55..421V
KCA G. Kojoian, P.A. Chute, C.A. Aumann. AJ 89, 332, 1984.
KCA Markarian 1400-1500.
KCA * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
KCA = 1984AJ.....89..332K
KD King, I.R. et al. 1993, ApJ, in press (reported in DM, which see).
KD Globulars.
KD * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
KEBA G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, M. Bicay, and M. Arakelian, AJ 86, 820, 1981.
KEBA Arakelian galaxies. N = 203.
KEBA * Standard deviation "about 1.5 arcsec," but large accidental errors are
KEBA relatively common (perhaps up to 5% of the list).
KEBA = 1981AJ.....86..820K
KEB1 G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, and M.D. Bicay. Astron. J. 86, 816, 1981.
KEB1 Markarian 1096-1302.
KEB1 * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
KEB1 = 1981AJ.....86..816K
KEB2 G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, and M.D. Bicay. Astron. J. 87, 1364, 1982.
KEB2 Markarian 1303-1399.
KEB2 * Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
KEB2 = 1982AJ.....87.1364K
KET1 G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, and H.M. Tovmassian. Astron. J. 83, 1545,
KET1 1978. Markarian 508-700.
KET1 * Standard deviation about 5 arcsec.
KET1 = 1978AJ.....83.1545K
KET2 G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, and H.M. Tovmassian. Astron. J. 86, 811,
KET2 1981. Markarian 798-1095.
KET2 * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
KGo P. Kilmartin and A. Gilmore, IAUC 5951, 1994. Offsets (9"w, 7"n; see
KGo Treffers etal. IAUC 5946) from SN 1994D in NGC 4526 for nucleus. SN
KGo pos is 12 31 29.92 +07 58 36.5 +-0.3 arcsec.
KGo * Standard deviation about one arcsec; depends mostly on offset.
KHJ Arnold R. Klemola, Robert B. Hanson, and Burton F. Jones. AJ, 94,
KHJ 501, 1987.
KHJ Lick Northern Proper Motion Program: NPM1 Reference Galaxies. N =
KHJ 50,517. Mostly faint (B > 16) galaxies, but many brighter, serving
KHJ as reference sources for the Lick Proper Motion survey. About 1900
KHJ NGC and IC galaxies included.
KHJ * Standard deviation 0.2 - 0.3 arcsec.
KHJ = 1987AJ.....94..501K
KHo W.C. Keel and E. Hummel. A&A 194, 90, 1988. Optical and 6-cm
KHo positions for NGC 2655.
KHo * Standard deviation close to 1 arcsec.
KHo = 1988A&A...194...90K
KHr W.C. Keel and E. Hummel. A&A 194, 90, 1988. Optical and 6-cm
KHr positions for NGC 2655.
KHr * Standard deviation close to 1 arcsec.
KHr = 1988A&A...194...90K
KK V.E. Karachentseva and I.D. Karachentsev. A&AS 127, 409, 1998.
KK A list of new nearby dwarf galaxy candidates.
KK * Standard deviation around 5-10 arcsec at a guess.
KK = 1998A&AS..127..409K
KKP I. Karachentsev, V. Karachentseva, S. Parnovsky. Flat Galaxy
KKP Catalogue, AN 314, 97, 1993 (revised version with better positions
KKP published in 1999; see NED for the full reference).
KKP * Standard deviation around 15 arcsec, but frequent larger blunders.
KKP = Cat. VII/162
KLS1 n = 1,i. R. Kirshner, B. Leibundgut, and C. Smith, IAU Circular No.
KLS1 4900, 4982, 1989-90. Two (so far) galaxies with supernovae.
KLS1 * Standard deviation "better than 2 arcsec."
KLS1 = 1989IAUC.4900....1K
KLS2 n = 1,i. R. Kirshner, B. Leibundgut, and C. Smith, IAU Circular No.
KLS2 4900, 4982, 1989-90. Two (so far) galaxies with supernovae.
KLS2 * Standard deviation "better than 2 arcsec."
KLS2 = 1990IAUC.4982....1M
KMHK M. Kontizas, D.H. Morgan, D. Hatzidimitriou, and E. Kontizas. A&AS,
KMHK 84, 527, 1990. Clusters in LMC. "KMHK" is used for positions from
KMHK the original paper. "KMHA" is used when brought in from Archinal and
KMHK Hynes (AH, which see).
KMHK * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
KMHK = 1990A&AS...84..527K
KMHA M. Kontizas, D.H. Morgan, D. Hatzidimitriou, and E. Kontizas. A&AS,
KMHA 84, 527, 1990. Clusters in LMC. "KMHK" is used for positions from
KMHA the original paper. "KMHA" is used when brought in from Archinal and
KMHA Hynes (AH, which see).
KMHA * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
KMHA = 1990A&AS...84..527K
KOS R. Kirshner, A. Oemler, and P. Schechter. A.J. 83, 1549, 1978.
KOS Galaxies in 8 high-latitude fields.
KOS * Standard deviation about 6-8 arcseconds at a guess.
KOS = 1978AJ.....83.1549K
KP J. Koornneef and S.R. Pottasch. A&A 335 277, 1998. Position for
KP the central star of NGC 650/651.
KP * Standard deviation 0.005 arcsec internal, about 0.2 external.
KP = 1998A&A...335..277K
KR K. Reinmuth, reported by B. Skiff for PNe.
KR * Standard deviation around 1 arcsec
KRL L. Kohoutek, M.L. Roth-Hoeppner, and S. Laustsen. A&A 162, 232, 1986.
KRL Position for the central star of NGC 2818.
KRL * Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec internal, 1 arcsec external.
KRL = 1986A&A...162..232K
KSG R.A. Knop, B.T. Soifer, J.R. Graham, K. Matthews, D.B. Sanders, and
KSG N.Z. Scoville. AJ, 107, 920, 1994. VV 114 = IC 1623, 3 components,
KSG optical peaks from CCD maps.
KSG * Standard deviation around one arcsec.
KSG = 1994AJ....107..920K
LdR Lord Rosse (prepared for publication by J.L.E. Dreyer).
LdR "Observations ...", Sci. Trans. Dublin Roy. Soc., Vol. II, (Ser. II),
LdR 1880.
LdR * Standard deviation varies from a few arcsec for micrometrically-
LdR measured objects to a few arcmin for those roughly estimated on a
LdR single night.
LdRo Lord Rosse (see above) offset, referred to object as noted.
LdRo * Standard deviation depends on accuracy of reference object. Lord
LdRo Rosse's and his assistants' measurements are usually good to 3-4
LdRo arcsec, but larger errors occasionally exist.
Le1 F. P. Leavenworth, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887
Le1 Faint nebulae found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
Le1 McCormick Observatory. Adopted only when the object cannot be
Le1 identified.
Le1 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Le2 F. P. Leavenworth, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887
Le2 Faint nebulae found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
Le2 McCormick Observatory. Adopted only when the object cannot be
Le2 identified.
Le2 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Lo1 W. Lorenz, Strassburg Annals, micrometric observations.
Lo1 * Standard deviation 3-4 arcsec at a guess.
Lo2 W. Lorenz, Publ. Astrophys. Obs. Konigstuhl-Heidelberg 6, 19, 1911;
Lo2 photographic astrometry for about 180 bright nebulae.
Lo2 * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec at a guess.
Lo2 = 1911VeHei...6...19L
LB R. Love (Nature(PS), 235, 53, 1972) and Bottinelli et al (A&A 12, 264,
LB 1971). N = 1 (Maffei 2).
LB * Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
LB = 1971A&A....12..264B
LCRS S. Shectman, et al. ApJ 470, 172, 1996. Las Campanas Redshift
LCRS Survey.
LCRS * Standard deviation around 3 arcsec, including systematic errors within
LCRS individual scans.
LCRS = Cat. VII/203
LEDA Accurate positions for MCG galaxies from the Lyon Extragalactic
LEDA Database maintained by G. Paturel, C. Petit, and colleagues. Many of
LEDA these are from other sources quoted here, but many are new
LEDA measurements on DSS images. Most of the problems with PGC are
LEDA cleaned up here.
LEDA * Standard deviation is heterogeneous, but is typically a few
LEDA arcseconds, exclusive of misidentifications.
LEDA = http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr/
LGDC J.-F. Le Campion, M. Geffert, M.R. Dulou, and J. Colin. A&AS 95,
LGDC 233, 1992. Accurate position for NGC 7094, brought in by B.A. Skiff.
LGDC * Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec at a guess.
LGDC = 1992A&AS...95..233L
LHH P.O. Lindblad, et al. A&AS 120, 403, 1996. NGC 1365.
LHH * Standard deviation around 0.5 arcsec.
LHH = 1996A&AS..120..403L
LJG L.J. Greenhill, reported in D.A. Smith and A.S. Wilson. ApJ, 557,
LJG 180, 2001. Radio position for the Circinus galaxy.
LJG * Standard deviation = 0.1 arcsec.
LJG = 2001ApJ...557..180S
LK L. Kohoutek, positions for planetaries, reported by B.A. Skiff.
LK * Standard deviation around 1 arcsec
LMc Micrometric positions from two or more Leander McCormick observers:
LMc Ormond Stone, Frank Muller, Frank Leavenworth.
Mal M. Malkan, et al. ApJ 237, 432, 1980. UKS 1 (globular).
Mal * Standard deviation unknown, probably better than an arcmin.
Mal = 1980ApJ...237..432M
Mar A. Marth. Nebulae found with Laselle's 48-inch reflector at Malta.
Mar Positions used only when the nebula is not found by me.
Mar * Standard deviation meaningless.
Mark E.J. Cooper, "A Catalogue of Stars Near the Ecliptic ...", Vol. 4,
Mark p. 183 (quoted by Auwers in his appendix of new nebulae attached to
Mark his reduction of WH's catalogue), Dublin, 1856. Nominal position for
Mark NGC 7447, which is lost.
Mark * Standard deviation meaningless.
McB M. L. McCall and R. J. Buta, AJ 109, 2460, 1995. Maffei 1 and two
McB companions.
McB * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
McB = 1995AJ....109.2460M
McN R. H. McNaught, University of Adelaide, Uppsala Schmidt plates or UK
McN Schmidt plates for SNe parent galaxies. From IAU Circulars Nos. 4726,
McN 5071, 5077, 5132, 5334, 5428.
McN * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
Min R. Minkowski, AJ 66, 558, 1961. Positions for 19 galaxies in A2199;
Min offsets from NGC 6166 reduced using GSC position. MCG picked up them
Min all from this paper.
Min * Standard deviation 5 arcsec.
Min = 1961AJ.....66..558M
Mo C. Monnichmeyer, Publ. Bonn Obs. No. 1, 1895; micrometric
Mo observations, re-reduced using modern positions.
Mo * Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
Mu1 Frank Muller, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887
Mu1 Faint nebulae found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
Mu1 McCormick Observatory. Adopted only when the object cannot be
Mu1 identified.
Mu1 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Mu2 Frank Muller, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887
Mu2 Faint nebulae found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
Mu2 McCormick Observatory. Adopted only when the object cannot be
Mu2 identified.
Mu2 * Standard deviation meaningless.
MAPS See R.L. Pennington, R.M. Humphreys, S.C. Odewahn, W. Zumach, and
MAPS P.M. Thurmes, PASP 105, 521, 1993. Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner.
MAPS * Standard deviation about 0.8 arcsec for small images.
MB M.D. Bicay, thesis, 1988. (NED refcode is 1988StanU.T00M....B)
MB * Standard deviation 10 arcsec.
MB = 1988StanU.T00M....B
MCG Morphological Galaxy Catalogue, B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov and
MCG colleagues. Used only for missing objects or (primarily) defects on
MCG the POSS1 prints.
MCG * Standard deviation 2-3 arcmin for defects.
MCG = Cat. VII/62, VII/100
MFG G. Marconi, P. Focardi, L. Greggio, Ap. J. 360, L39, 1990. One
MFG incorrect measurement for DDO 210, rejected.
MFG * Standard deviation meaningless
MFSK N. Metcalfe, R. Fong, T. Shanks, and D. Kilkenny. MNRAS 236, 207,
MFSK 1989. Nine UKST fields to B_J ~16.8. Previously catalogued galaxies
MFSK included.
MFSK * Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
MFSK = 1989MNRAS.236..207M
MGGP R.P. van der Marel, J. Gerssen, P. Guhathakurta, R.C. Peterson, K.
MGGP Gebhardt. AJ, Dec 2002. M15.
MGGP * Standard deviation 0.2-0.3 arcsec.
MGGP = 2002AJ....124.3270G
MJC M.J. Cameron. CSUAC No. 219, October 1970. 121 galaxies with Dec <
MJC +20 deg and mpg < 12.5.
MJC * Standard deviation 10 arcsec.
MW Max Wolf. Positions from various AN articles for "nebulae" not
MW found on DSS images or POSS1/SERC prints/films. These objects are
MW probably defects on the early Heidelberg plates.
MW * Standard deviation meaningless.
MW08 Max Wolf, AN 4207, 1908. IC 4895 discovery position.
MW08 * Standard deviation 1 arcmin at a guess.
MW08 = 1908AN....176..109W
MW1 Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 1, Publ. Astrophys. Obs.
MW1 Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, 1, 11, 1902. Precessed from 1875. (N.B.
MW1 for List 2, see Schwassmann, source Sn.) The positions from this
MW1 series were keyed by Evelyn Deen, and proofread by Glen and Evelyn
MW1 Deen. When an object from this series has been verified on a print
MW1 of the original plate, the comments column has the type from the POSS1
MW1 followed by the comment "(verified)".
MW1 * Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW3 Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 3, Publ. Astrophys. Obs.
MW3 Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, 1, 125, 1902. Measured on 16" Bruce refractor
MW3 plates. Precessed from 1875. Coma Cluster.
MW3 * Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW4 Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 4, Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW4 Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 2, 57, 1906. Precessed from 1875.
MW4 * Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW5 Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 5. Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW5 Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 2, 77, 1906. Precessed from 1875. Most are
MW5 in IC2. There are many plate defects and faint stars, double stars,
MW5 etc in these lists, but the true nebulae have good positions.
MW5 * Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW6 Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 6. Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW6 Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 2, 89, 1906. Precessed from 1875.
MW6 * Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW7 Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 7. Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW7 Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 3, 77, 1909. Precessed from 1875.
MW7 * Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW8 Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 8. Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW8 Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 3, 87, 1909. Precessed from 1875.
MW8 * Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW16 Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 16. Veroff. ... Heidelberg, 8,
MW16 No. 11, p. 18, 1928. Precessed from 1900.
MW16 * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
MW16 = 1928VeHei...8...18W
MW17 Max Wolf, AN 205, 79, 1917. Photographic position for NGC 6946,
MW17 precessed from equinox 1917.0.
MW17 * Standard deviation probably around 1 arcsec.
NH S.G. Neff and J.B. Hutchings. AJ 103, 1746, 1992. 6- and 20-cm
NH positions for IRAS galaxies.
NH * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
NH = 1992AJ....103.1746N
NGC J.L.E. Dreyer. NGC. MemRAS 49, 1, 1888.
NGC = 1888MmRAS..49....1D
NMP N.M. Parrish. Observations of nebulae, re-reduced wrt modern star
NMP positions, quoted in Ormond Stone, "Southern Nebulae", Publ. Leander
NMP McCormick Obs, Vol. 1, p. 173, 1893. RA's determined by clock, Dec's
NMP by micrometer.
NMP * Standard deviation, a few arcsec.
OSt Ormond Stone, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887. Faint nebulae
OSt found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.
OSt Adopted only when the object cannot be identified.
OSt * Standard deviation meaningless.
OSt1 Ormond Stone, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887. Faint nebulae
OSt1 found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.
OSt1 Adopted only when the object cannot be identified.
OSt1 * Standard deviation meaningless.
OSt2 Ormond Stone, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887. Faint nebulae
OSt2 found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.
OSt2 Adopted only when the object cannot be identified.
OSt2 * Standard deviation meaningless.
OCW O. C. Wendell, Harvard Circular 42, 1899. Micrometric position for
OCW IC 4816 = Nova Sgr 1898. This is the discovery position.
OCW * Standard deviation probably a few arcsec.
OCW = 1899HarCi..42....1W
Pds G. Paturel, C. Petit, Ph. Prugniel, and R. Garnier. A&AS 140, 89,
Pds 1999. DSS positions for miscellaneous galaxies. n = 17335.
Pds Identifications for many galaxies -- especially the zwicky compacts --
Pds are suspect and need to be checked.
Pds * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsecond for well-defined images, 2-5 arcsec
Pds for larger galaxies.
Pds = 1999A&AS..140...89P
Pds2 G. Paturel, et al. A&AS 144, 475, 2000. See Pds above.
Pds2 * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsecond for well-defined images, 2-5 arcsec
Pds2 for larger galaxies.
Pds2 = 2000A&AS..144..475P
Pe Peters, Copernicus, micrometric observations. Precessed.
Pe * Standard deviation probably around 3-5 arcsec at a guess.
Pec Pechule, various articles, primarily in AN. See IC1/2 for a list.
Pec * Standard deviation 2 arcsec at a guess.
Pick E.J. Pickering, AN 105, 335, 1883. Nominal position for NGC 6766;
Pick claimed to be an emission-line nebula, but no planetaries nearby.
Pick * Standard deviation meaningless.
Pick = 1883AN....105..335P
Pls J. Palisa, AN 116, 337, 1887. Micrometric positions for a few NGC/IC
Pls objects, precessed.
Pls * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec at a guess.
Pls = 1887AN....116..337W
Po Porter, Cinncinati Obs., micrometric observations re-reduced.
Po * Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsec.
Pr D. Proust, Meudon Observatory, IAU Circular No. 5134.
Pr * Standard deviation probably 1-2 arcsec.
Pr = 1990IAUC.5134....1P
PA C. Pollas and D. Albanese, IAU Circular No. 5040. NGC 5917.
PA * Standard deviation probably 1-2 arcsec.
PA = 1990IAUC.5040....1P
PC L. Padrielli and R.G. Conway. A&AS 27, 171, 1977. 4C sources
PC identified with galaxies.
PC * Standard deviation 0.8 arcsec.
PC = 1977A&AS...27..171P
PCR P. Parma, R.A. Cameron, and H.R. de Ruiter. AJ 102, 1960, 1991.
PCR Optical positions for "dumbbell" galaxies which are radio sources.
PCR * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
PCR = 1991AJ....102.1960P
PEES B.A. Peterson et al. MNRAS 221, 233, 1986. Optical positions from
PEES Southern Sky Survey IIIa-J plates.
PEES * Standard deviation "better than 1 arcsec."
PEES = 1986MNRAS.221..233P
PKe P. Kempf. (Publ. Astrophys. Obs. Potsdam, No. 29, 1892). Micrometric
PKe measures, precessed, not re-reduced unless noted.
PKe * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec at a guess.
PK67 L. Perek and L. Kohoutek. Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae,
PK67 1967. Positions brought in by B.A. Skiff.
PK67 * Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
PK67 = 1967PK....C......1P
PL M. Postman and T. Lauer. ApJ 440, 28, 1995. Positions from DSS for
PL brightest galaxies in Abell clusters. Precessed from J2000.0.
PL * Standard deviation 1.0 arcsec.
PL = 1995ApJ...440...28P
PPAO S. Piatek, C. Pryor, T.E. Armandroff, and E.W. Olszewski. AJ 123,
PPAO 2511, 2002. Draco Dwarf. Center of isopleths from star counts.
PPAO * Standard deviation "about 0.1 arcminutes".
PPAO = 2002AJ....123.2511P
PPM Positions and Proper Motions (S. Roeser and U. Bastian, Heidelberg,
PPM 1991). M31, M32, M92, N2261, N6543. And a few others.
PPM * Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
PPM = Cat. I/146, I/193
QFW H. Quintana, P. Fouque, and M.J. Way. A&A 283, 722, 1994. Optical
QFW positions for the NGC 1400/1407 Group, measured on ESO Quick B survey
QFW copy plate.
QFW * Standard deviation 1.5 arcsec.
QFW = 1994A&A...283..722Q
R Rumker, AN 63, 305, 1864, etc. Micrometric observations, re-reduced
R with modern positions for the reference stars.
R * Standard deviation probably 2-3 arcsec.
Rup M.P. Rupen, AJ 102, 48, 1991. Neutral hydrogen mapping of NGC 891
Rup and NGC 4565.
Rup * Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsec.
Rup = 1991AJ....102...48R
R16 Karl Reinmuth, Konigstuhl plates, 1916. Precessed from equinox 1900.
R16 * Standard deviation probably 2-3 arcsec.
R20 Karl Reinmuth, Konigstuhl plates, 1920. Precessed from equinox 1900.
R20 * Standard deviation probably 2-3 arcsec.
R27 Karl Reinmuth 1927 list of Virgo Cluster galaxies.
R27 * Standard deviation about 1 arcsec, but there may be systematic errors
R27 depending on reference star system.
R28 Karl Reinmuth, Veroff. ... Heidelberg 8, 133, 1928. Precessed from
R28 equinox 1900.0.
R28 * Standard deviation around 1 arcsec at a guess. See previous.
R29 Karl Reinmuth, Veroff. ... Heidelberg 8, 167, 1929. Precessed from
R29 equinox 1900.0.
R29 * Standard deviation around 1 arcsec at a guess. See previous.
R32 Karl Reinmuth, Veroff. ... Heidelberg 8, 192, 1932. Precessed from
R32 equinox 1900.0.
R32 * Standard deviation around 1 arcsec at a guess. See previous.
RC Ralph Copeland, quoted in NGC for NGC 295, not found.
RC * Standard deviation meaningless.
RC2 Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al.
RC2 1976), primarily from GH, GHD1,2 (see above), Cameron, Glanfield and
RC2 Cameron (bright southern galaxies, all replaced by ESO), Sandage's
RC2 southern lists, and my own measurements (source HC, above). These are
RC2 being replaced as I identify the original sources.
RC2 * Standard deviation runs from 5 arcsec to 20 arcsec.
RC2 = Cat. VII/112
RC3 Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al.
RC3 1991). Not used as a source of positions.
RC3 * Standard deviation varies between 1 arcsec and 20 arcsec.
RC3 = Cat. VII/155
RD D. Reynaud and D. Downes, A&A 319, 737, 1997.
RD Dynamical center of NGC 1530 from high-resolution CO(1-0)
RD observations.
RD * Standard deviation on the order of 1 arcsec.
RD = 1997A&A...319..737R
REds R. Erdmann, DSS for NGC/IC objects. Precessed from J2000.0.
REds * Standard deviation on the order of 1 arcsec.
RG R.F. Griffin, AJ 68, 421, 1963. Galaxies in the fields of 3C sources.
RG * Standard deviation 0.3 arcsec.
RG = 1963AJ.....68..421G
RGMH R. Giovanelli, M. Haynes, and colleagues; various papers.
RGMH * Standard deviation about 6 arcsec.
RGO Royal Greenwich Observatory, (Dreyer?), MNRAS 71, 509, 1911.
RGO Photographic positions for far northern galaxies poorly observed by
RGO the Herschels, precessed from equinox 1900.0.
RGO * Standard deviation about 1 arcsec at a guess, though there could be
RGO systematic offsets depending on reference system.
RGO = 1911MNRAS..71..509.
RH O.-G. Richter, W.K. Huchtmeier, and colleagues. Optical positions for
RH galaxies in their HI Catalogue and/or various papers.
RH * Standard deviation 8-10 arcsec.
RL G.H. Rieke and F.J. Low. ApJ 176, L95, 1972. 10-um position for
RL nucleus of NGC 253.
RL * Standard deviation around 1 arcsec.
RL = 1972ApJ...176L..95R
RLT G.H. Rieke, M.J. Lebofksy, R.I. Thompson, F.J. Low, and A.T. Tokunaga.
RLT ApJ 238, 24, 1980. 2.2-um position for M82, "about 3 arcsec off the
RLT visual peak."
RLT * Standard deviation 1.5 arcsec.
RLT = 1980ApJ...238...24R
RSA Allan Sandage and Gustav A. Tammann. The Revised Shapley-Ames
RSA Catalogue ..., Carnegie Publication #635, second edition, 1987.
RSA * Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
RSA = Cat. VII/51
RWH R.W. Hunstead. MNRAS 152, 277, 1971. Optical positions for radio
RWH point sources. Four bright galaxies (plus fainter not entered).
RWH * Standard deviation 0.4 arcsec.
RWH = 1971MNRAS.152..277H
RTBB H.J.A. Rottgering, Y. Tang, M.A.R. Bremer, A.G. de Bruyn, G.K. Miley,
RTBB R.B. Rengelink, M.N. Bremer. MNRAS 282, 1033, 1996. 325 MHz position
RTBB for Markarian 1498 = WN 1626+5153.
RTBB * Standard deviation 4 arcsec.
RTBB = 1996MNRAS.282.1033R
Sf Schoenfeld, micrometric observations, inferred from other lists until
Sf I can find a copy of his papers.
Sf * Standard deviation looks to be around 3 arcsec.
Sn Schwassmann, A. Publ. Astrophys. Obs. Konigstuhl-Heidelberg 1, 17,
Sn 1902. Precessed from equinox 1900.0. Virgo Cluster area.
Sn * Standard deviation about 3-5 arcsec.
Spt R. Spitaler, various publications referenced in NGC and IC.
Spt Micrometric positions re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc.
Spt * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
St1 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St1 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St1 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St1 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St1 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St1 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St1 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St1 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St1 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St1 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St1 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St1 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St1 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St1 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St1 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St1 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St1 AN 2661.
St1 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St2 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St2 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St2 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St2 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St2 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St2 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St2 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St2 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St2 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St2 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St2 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St2 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St2 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St2 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St2 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St2 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St2 AN 2661.
St2 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St3 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St3 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St3 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St3 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St3 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St3 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St3 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St3 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St3 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St3 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St3 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St3 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St3 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St3 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St3 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St3 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St3 AN 2661.
St3 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St4 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St4 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St4 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St4 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St4 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St4 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St4 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St4 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St4 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St4 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St4 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St4 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St4 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St4 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St4 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St4 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St4 AN 2661.
St4 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St5 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St5 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St5 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St5 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St5 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St5 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St5 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St5 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St5 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St5 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St5 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St5 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St5 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St5 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St5 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St5 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St5 AN 2661.
St5 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St6 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St6 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St6 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St6 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St6 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St6 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St6 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St6 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St6 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St6 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St6 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St6 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St6 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St6 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St6 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St6 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St6 AN 2661.
St6 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St7 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St7 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St7 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St7 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St7 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St7 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St7 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St7 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St7 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St7 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St7 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St7 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St7 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St7 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St7 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St7 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St7 AN 2661.
St7 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St8 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St8 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St8 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St8 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St8 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St8 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St8 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St8 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St8 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St8 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St8 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St8 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St8 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St8 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St8 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St8 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St8 AN 2661.
St8 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St9 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St9 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St9 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St9 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St9 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St9 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St9 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St9 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St9 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St9 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St9 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St9 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St9 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St9 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St9 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St9 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St9 AN 2661.
St9 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St10 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St10 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St10 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St10 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St10 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St10 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St10 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St10 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St10 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St10 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St10 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St10 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St10 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St10 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St10 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St10 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St10 AN 2661.
St10 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St11 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St11 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St11 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St11 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St11 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St11 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St11 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St11 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St11 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St11 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St11 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St11 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St11 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St11 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St11 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St11 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St11 AN 2661.
St11 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St12 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St12 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St12 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St12 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St12 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St12 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St12 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St12 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St12 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St12 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St12 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St12 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St12 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St12 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St12 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St12 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St12 AN 2661.
St12 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St13 E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St13 re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St13 St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St13 St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St13 St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St13 St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St13 St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St13 St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St13 St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St13 St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St13 St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St13 St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St13 St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St13 xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St13 St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St13 St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St13 AN 2661.
St13 * Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
Sxy Carl Seyfert's dx, dy measurements refered to mean position of NGC
Sxy 6027 for other members in the group (PASP 63, 72, 1951). N = 5
Sxy * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
Sw1 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw1 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw1 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw2 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw2 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw2 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw3 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw3 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw3 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw4 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw4 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw4 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw5 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw5 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw5 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw6 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw6 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw6 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw7 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw7 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw7 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw8 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw8 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw8 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw9 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw9 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw9 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw10 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw10 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw10 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw11 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw11 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw11 * Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw12 Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw12 object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw12 * Standard deviation meaningless.
SAO SAO position adopted. Used for a few non-stellar objects, primarily
SAO planetaries or stars in clusters or in the center of diffuse nebulae.
SAO Also used for a few stars thought by the original observer to be
SAO nebulous -- nebulae may or may not be present on modern photographs.
SAO * Standard deviation 0.3 to 1.0 arcsec.
SAO = Cat. I/131
SBC J.L. Sersic, E. Bajaja, and R. Colomb. A&A 59, 19, 1977. N2915.
SBC * Standard deviation a few arcsec (N.B. Sec of RA is wrong in SBC's
SBC Table 2.)
SBC = 1977A&A....59...19S
SBG1 N. Santagata, L. Basso, M. Gottardi, G. Palumbo, and G. Vettolani.
SBG1 A&AS 70, 189, 1987. CGCG galaxies, Paper 2 (see VPS). From machine
SBG1 readable files sent by G. Palumbo.
SBG1 * Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
SBG1 5 arcsec.
SBG1 = 1987A&AS...70..189S
SBG2 N. Santagata, L. Basso, M. Gottardi, G. Palumbo, G. Vettolani, and
SBG2 M. Vigotti. A&AS 70, 191, 1987. CGCG galaxies, Paper 3 (see VPS).
SBG2 From machine readable files sent by G. Palumbo.
SBG2 * Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
SBG2 5 arcsec.
SBG2 = 1987A&AS...70..191S
SBIB D. Sprayberry, G.M. Bernstein, C.D. Impey, G.D. Bothun. ApJ, 438, 72,
SBIB 1995. Low surface brightness galaxies.
SBIB * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
SBIB = 1995ApJ...438...72S
SC Sidney Coolidge. AN 1453. Positions for ``nebulae'', apparently
SC micrometrically measured; or for nebulae not found by me.
SC * Standard deviation looks to be around 5 arcsec (or meaningless if not
SC found).
SCO S.C. Odewahn, PhD thesis, Univ of Texas, 1989. Position for NGC 2366
SCO from isophotes.
SCO * Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
SCOS N.C. Hambly, A.C. Davenhall, M.J. Irwin, H.T. MacGillivray. MNRAS
SCOS 326, 1315, 2001 and references therein. Positions from SuperCOSMOS
SCOS scans of sky survey plates. Tycho-2 provided reference stars.
SCOS * Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec for B_J brighter than 19, 0.3 arcsec
SCOS for B_J brighter than 22 -- for stellar images, of course.
SCOS = 2001MNRAS.326.1315H
SDP S.D. Peterson. Astron. J. 78, 811, 1973. Markarian 1 - 507.
SDP * Standard deviation 6-8 arcsec.
SDP = 1973AJ.....78..811P
SESO A. Acker, F. Ochsenbein, B. Stenholm, R. Tylenda, J. Marcout, and
SESO C. Schohn. The Strasbourg-ESO Catalogue of Galactic Planetary
SESO Nebulae (Garching: ESO), 1992. A few positions quoted by Condon and
SESO Kaplan, ApJS 117, 361, 1998 (source CK, which see), and by Brian
SESO Skiff.
SESO * Standard deviation unknown, but probably a few arcsec.
SESO = Cat. V/84
SGC Southern Galaxy Catalogue (Corwin et al. 1985), not from ESOB: visual
SGC micrometric measurements (primarily Porter 1911), or my own
SGC measurements on PSS or SSS plates/prints/films.
SGC * Standard deviation 5-6 arcsec or better.
SGC = Cat. VII/116
SGsv Steve Gottlieb, private communication. Positions for a few IC objects
SGsv estimated from SkyView images.
SGsv * Standard deviation 3-4 arcsec at a guess.
SHM Kathleen Spellman, George Helou, and Barry Madore (PASP 101, 360,
SHM 1989). SGC galaxies without ESO positions. N = 372
SHM * Standard deviation 6-8 arcsec.
SHM = 1989PASP..101..360S
SIB Solon I. Bailey, HA 60, 1908. List of the 263 largest, brightest
SIB nebulae and clusters. Several IC objects here. Positions given to
SIB 1 arcmin only; sufficient for identification.
SIB * Standard deviation 1-2 arcmin.
SIMB SIMBAD's adopted position for planetary nebulae (Acker et al, 1996
SIMB version of the Strasbourg Catalogue, CDS catalogue number V/100),
SIMB quoted by B.A. Skiff.
SIMB * Standard deviation around one arcsec.
SIMB = Cat. V/100
SJL A. Sandqvist, S. Jorsater, and P. Lindblad. A&A 110, 336, 1982.
SJL Position for NGC 1365 quoted in S. Jorsater and G.A. van Moorsel, AJ
SJL 110, 2037.
SJL * Standard deviation quoted as 4 arcsec.
SJL = 1982A&A...110..336S
SK E.P. Smith and N.E. Kassim. AJ 105, 46, 1993. A few optical
SK positions for 20-cm radio sources.
SK * Standard deviation probably around 1-2 arcsec.
SK = 1993AJ....105...46S
SL Brian A. Skiff, measured on plates taken by Lampland at Lowell Obs.
SL PPM stars used for astrometric net.
SL * Standard deviation around 0.2-0.3 arcsec.
SMB E. Slezak, G. Mars, A. Bijaoui, C. Balkowski, P. Fontanelli. A&AS 74,
SMB 83, 1988. Galaxies in the "Coma Supercluster", a Palomar Schmidt
SMB field north-following A1656, but not including it. Precessed from
SMB equinox 2000.0.
SMB * Standard deviation around 8-10 arcsec. Large accidental errors have
SMB been seen.
SNp To be recovered. Probably a supernova parent galaxy. NGC 673 is one.
SP E.P. Smith et al. ApJS 104, 287, 1996. UV positions from UIT on
SP Astro-1 Space Shuttle mission.
SP * Standard deviation 2 arcsec.
SP = 1996ApJS..104..287S
SPC Brian A. Skiff, Lowell Observatory PDS scans of 13" Pluto Camera
SPC (astrograph) plates, 1988 - 89. ESGC galaxies. Also miscellaneous
SPC positions measured on the same series of plates.
SPC * Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
SPF Ditto, but on 18-inch Palomar Schmidt films taken by Gene and
SPF Caroline Shoemaker for their asteroid search.
SPF * Standard deviation is about 1 arcsec.
SPL S.P. Langley in Harvard Annals 8, Part 1, p. 62, 1882. Nominal
SPL position for NGC 3355; nothing is there.
SPL * Standard deviation meaningless.
SPL = 1882AnHar...8...62L
SPP Ditto, but on PSS prints or plates.
SPP * Standard deviation is around 1 arcsec.
STMW S.E. Schneider, T.X. Thuan, C. Magri, and J.E. Wadiak. Ap. J. Suppl.
STMW 72, 245, 1990. UGC lsb galaxies.
STMW * Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
STMW = 1990ApJS...72..245S
STMM S.E. Schneider, T.X. Thuan, C. Magri, and J. Miller. Ap. J. Suppl.
STMM 81, 5, 1992. UGC lsb galaxies. Many positions were apparently taken
STMM from DC, FT, RGMH, and STMW without acknowledgment; I've removed
STMM these.
STMM * Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
STMM = 1992ApJS...81....5S
SW Stephen Shawl and Raymond White, A.J. 91, 312, 1986. Positions of
SW 109 galactic globular clusters.
SW * Standard deviation about 1 arcsec.
SW = 1986AJ.....91..312S
SWX D.A. Smith and A.S. Wilson. ApJ, 557, 180, 2001. X-ray position for
SWX the Circinus galaxy from a Chandra ACIS map.
SWX * Standard deviation = 0.1 arcsec.
SWX = 2001ApJ...557..180S
SVD Schuyler Van Dyk, private communication. NGC 150.
SVD * Standard deviation about 1 arcsec.
T4 W. Tempel. n = list number. Micrometric positions precessed from
T4 Tempel's equinox, typically around 1880.
T4 * Standard deviation probably a few arcsec.
T5 W. Tempel. n = list number. Micrometric positions precessed from
T5 Tempel's equinox, typically around 1880.
T5 * Standard deviation probably a few arcsec.
T9 W. Tempel. n = list number. Micrometric positions precessed from
T9 Tempel's equinox, typically around 1880.
T9 * Standard deviation probably a few arcsec.
TDM Tom DeMary, open cluster positions from USNO A2.0 displayed with
TDM HyperSky, eyeball centers, precessed from J2000.0.
TDM * Standard deviations between about 10 arcsec to 1-2 arcmin, depending
TDM on cluster size.
TE Thomas Espin, MNRAS 54, 327, 1894; and AN No. 3633, 1900. Fifteen
TE "nebulae" or clusters in MN, seven nebulae in AN.
TE Positions estimated from BD charts, used only for objects not found.
TE * Standard deviations meaningless.
TE = 1894MNRAS..54..327E
TH Turner, J.L. and Ho, P.T.P. ApJ, 421, 122, 1994. 2- and 6-cm nuclear
TH continuum sources in 8 spiral galaxies.
TH * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec, except for NGC 5194 where it is 0.1
TH arcsec.
TH = 1994ApJ...421..122T
TH1 Turner, J.L. and Ho, P.T.P. ApJ, 268, L79, 1983. 2- and 6-cm nuclear
TH1 sources in 3 spiral galaxies.
TH1 * Standard deviation about an arcsec.
TH1 = 1983ApJ...268L..79T
THB Turner, J.L, Ho, P.T.P., and Beck, S.C. AJ 116, 1212, 1998. 2- and
THB 6-cm continuum observations of NGC 5253.
THB * Standard deviation a few tenths of an arcsec.
THB = 1998AJ....116.1212T
THS T. H. Safford, from IC. Used only when the object is unrecoverable.
THS * Standard deviation meaningless
TML J.H. Taylor, R.N. Manchester, A.G. Lyme. ApJS 88, 529, 1993. Pulsar
TML catalogue. J2000.0 positions precessed to B1950.0 for a few pulsars
TML associated with SNRs (e.g. Crab pulsar = NGC 1952).
TML * Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec or better.
TML = Cat. VII/156
TVP Tully, R.B., Verheijen, M.A.W., Pierce, M.J., Huang, J.-S., and
TVP Wainscoat, R.J. Ursa Major Cloud members, from GSC stars on CCD
TVP images.
TVP * Standard deviation about 1 arcsec.
Ty2 E. Hog et al. A&A 355, 27L, 2000. Tycho-2 positions, primarily for
Ty2 individual stars, but some planetaries (courtesy of Brian Skiff), too.
Ty2 * Standard deviation 0.007 arcsec for stars brighter than V = 9, 0.06
Ty2 for fainter stars.
Ty2 = Cat. I/259
UA10 USNO-A1.0. From scans of original sky survey plates by USNO team
UA10 headed by D. Monet.
UA10 * Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec for stars, 1-2 arcsec for extended
UA10 objects (e.g. galaxies) larger than about an arcmin.
UA10 = Cat. I/243
UA20 USNO-A2.0. From scans of original sky survey plates by USNO team
UA20 headed by D. Monet; reprocessing of A1.0 to put it on ICRS.
UA20 * Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec for stars, 1-2 arcsec for extended
UA20 objects (e.g. galaxies) larger than about an arcmin, probably around
UA20 0.4 - 0.5 arcsec for smaller galaxies.
UA20 = Cat. I/252
UB10 USNO-B1.0. From scans of original sky survey plates by USNO team
UB10 headed by D. Monet. Pretty much like USNO-A1.0, but includes proper
UB10 motions and star/non-star classifications.
UB10 * Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec for stars, 1-2 arcsec for extended
UB10 objects (e.g. galaxies) larger than about an arcmin, probably around
UB10 0.4 - 0.5 arcsec for smaller galaxies.
UB10 = Cat. I/284
UCA1 USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog (preliminary edition) "UCAC1".
UCA1 N. Zacharias, et al, CD-ROM (Washington: USNO), March 2000. A few
UCA1 bright galaxies are included. This extends from the south equatorial
UCA1 pole to about -20 deg, and has now been completely replaced by UCAC2,
UCA1 which see.
UCA1 * Standard deviation "20 mas for stars in the magnitude range R = 9-14.5
UCA1 and about 70 mas at the limiting magnitude of 16."
UCA1 = Cat. I/268
UCA2 USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog (second edition) "UCAC2". N. Zacharias,
UCA2 S.E. Urban, M.I. Zacharias, G.L. Wycoff, D.M. Hall, M.E. Germain, E.R.
UCA2 Holdenreid, and L. Winter. AJ 127, 3043, 2004. This completely
UCA2 replaces UCAC1 and extends it north to at least +40 deg, and up to
UCA2 +50 deg at some RAs.
UCA2 * Standard deviation "20 mas for stars in the magnitude range R = 9-14.5
UCA2 and about 70 mas at the limiting magnitude of 16."
UCA2 = Cat. I/294
UGCo UGC Notes offset (from UGC galaxies with a precise positions) in
UGCo arcmin and position angle converted to delta RA and delta Dec.
UGCo * Standard deviation about 6-8 arcsec (also depends on accuracy of
UGCo position used as reference).
UJ10 UJ 1.0. From scans of short-exposure IIIa-J POSS-2 plates by USNO,
UJ10 courtesy of D. Monet.
UJ10 * Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec for stars, 1-2 arcsec for extended
UJ10 objects (galaxies).
UJ10 = Cat. I/243
USNO See K.J. Johnston, et al, AJ 110, 880, 1995 for background. The
USNO positions actually used come from USNO's 1996-11 solution, downloaded
USNO in January 1997 from their public ftp partition. VLBI radio reference
USNO sources. These define the FK5 radio reference frame. Precessed from
USNO J2000.0 to B1950.0 using J. Bennett's IPAC precession/conversion
USNO routines.
USNO * Standard deviation better than 3 milliarcseconds in all cases, and
USNO better than 1 milliarcsec in most cases. Accuracy on this level is
USNO destroyed by the precession program. Can ANY precession routine do
USNO justice to these positions?
UW J.S. Ulvestad and A.S. Wilson. ApJ 343, 659, 1989. 2, 6, and 20 cm
UW VLA observations of Seyfert nuclei. n = 27.
UW * Standard deviation around 0.2 arcsec.
UW = 1989ApJ...343..659U
UWS J.S. Ulvestad, A.S. Wilson, and R.A. Sramek. AJ 247, 419, 1981. 1.465
UWS GHz and/or 4.885 GHz VLA observations of Seyfert nuclei. n = 16.
UWS * Standard deviation 0.1-0.3 arcsec.
UWS = 1981ApJ...247..419U
UZC The Updated Zwicky Catalogue. E. Falco, et al. PASP, 111, 438, 1999.
UZC GSC or DSS positions for about 19,000 CGCG galaxies with m_p <= 15.5,
UZC plus a few hundred other galaxies. The original list had many
UZC misidentifications and stars included. These have been mostly
UZC removed in the published version.
UZC * Standard deviation around 1-1.5 arcsec.
UZC = 1999PASP..111..438F
vdH+ J.M. van der Hulst, P.C. Crane, and W.C. Keel. AJ 86, 1175, 1981.
vdH+ 6 cm VLA observations of spiral galaxy nuclei.
vdH+ * Standard deviation 0.3 or 0.8 arcsec.
vdH+ = 1981AJ.....86.1175V
vdK1 P.C. van der Kruit. A&A 15, 110, 1971. 21.2-cm positions for 13
vdK1 galaxies.
vdK1 * Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
vdK1 = 1971A&A....15..110V
vdK2 P.C. van der Kruit. A&A 29, 231 and 249, 1973. 21.2-cm positions for
vdK2 bright galaxies. N3556 position interpolated from contours in Fig. 6
vdK2 of vdK3 by me.
vdK2 * Standard deviation less than 1 arcsec (except for N3556; that is
vdK2 probably 3-4 arcsec).
vdK2 = 1973A&A....29..231V
vdK3 P.C. van der Kruit. A&A 29, 231 and 249, 1973. 21.2-cm positions for
vdK3 bright galaxies. N3556 position interpolated from contours in Fig. 6
vdK3 of vdK3 by me.
vdK3 * Standard deviation less than 1 arcsec (except for N3556; that is
vdK3 probably 3-4 arcsec).
vdK3 = 1973A&A....29..249V
Vig Vigotti, M., Grueff, G., Perley, R., Clark, B.G., Bridle, A.H.
Vig AJ 98, 419, 1989. Radio sources measured on POSS prints w.r.t. AGK3
Vig stars.
Vig * Standard deviations about 0.7 arcsec for stellar images, probably
Vig several arcsec for things like M51.
Vig = 1989AJ.....98..419V
V Veron, P. ApJ 144, 861, 1966. Radio sources.
V * Standard deviation about 1 arcsec.
V = 1966ApJ...144..861V
VC de Vaucouleurs and Corwin, ApJ 295, 287, 1985. M31 from several
VC astrometric sources.
VC * Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
VC = 1985ApJ...295..287D
VCC B. Bingelli, A. Sandage, and G. A. Tammann. A.J. 90, 1681, 1985.
VCC Virgo Cluster Catalog.
VCC * Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
VCC = 1985AJ.....90.1681B
VHSW S.D. Van Dyk, S.D. Hyman, R.A. Sramek, and K.W. Weiler. IAU Circular
VHSW 6045. VLA 6- and 20-cm position for NGC 6946.
VHSW * Standard deviation probably 0.2-0.3 arcsec.
VHSW = 1994IAUC.6045....1V
VL G. de Vaucouleurs and R. Leach. PASP 93, 190, 1981. M31 and M33.
VL * Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
VL = 1981PASP...93..190D
VPC C.K. Young and M.J. Currie. A&AS 127, 367, 1998. The Virgo
VPC Photometry Catalogue. Positions taken from RC3 removed.
VPC * Standard deviation 3-4 arcsec.
VPC = 1998A&AS..127..367Y
VPD M.B. Vila, A. Pedlar, R.D. Davies, E. Hummel, and D.J. Axon. MNRAS
VPD 242, 379, 1990. 20- and 6-cm positions for bright Sbc galaxies.
VPD * Standard deviation 0.3 arcsec when given to 0.1 arcsec, 2-3 arcsec
VPD when given to 1 arcsec.
VPD = 1990MNRAS.242..379V
VPS G. Vettolani, G. Palumbo, and N. Santagata. A&AS 64, 247, 1986.
VPS CGCG galaxies, Paper 1. From machine readable files sent by G.
VPS Palumbo.
VPS * Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
VPS 5 arcsec.
VPS = 1986A&AS...64..247V
VPS1 Ditto, for CGCG fields 502-5. Typed by me.
VPS1 * Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
VPS1 5 arcsec.
VV1 Veron, M.P. and Veron, P. A&A 42, 1, 1975 and A&AS 29, 149, 1977.
VV1 Radio sources.
VV1 * Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
VV1 = 1975A&A....42....1V
VV2 Veron, M.P. and Veron, P. A&A 42, 1, 1975 and A&AS 29, 149, 1977.
VV2 Radio sources.
VV2 * Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
VV2 = 1975A&A....42....1V
VVAG Veron, M.P., Veron, P., Adgie, R.L., and Gent, H. A&A 59, L19, 1976.
VVAG Radio sources.
VVAG * Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
VVAG = 1977A&A....59L..19W
Win A. Winnecke, Strassburg Annals, Vol. 3, 1909. Micrometric
Win measurements of several hundred NGC objects, re-reduced using modern
Win positions for the reference stars.
Win * Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec at a guess.
Wolf Max Wolf, AN 4082 = AN 171, 27, 1906. Nominal position for IC 1831,
Wolf currently a lost object.
Wolf * Standard deviation meaningless.
Wolf = 1906AN....171...27W
WDP W.D. Pence, thesis (1981). NGC 253.
WDP * Standard deviation a few arcsec.
WF Wilhelmina P. Fleming, Harvard Annals 60 and references therein.
WF "Stars" with emission lines; most are PNe or -- in the LMC -- HII
WF regions. Positions used only when the object cannot be positively
WF identified (e.g. IC 1292). Original positions were given to 0.1
WF minute and 1 arcmin. (Also see source WPF.)
WF * Standard deviation meaningless, but the identified nebulae have
WF positions typically good to 1-2 arcmin.
WGT W.G. Tifft, Probably Coma Cluster or double galaxies (I've lost the
WGT reference; check AJ's or ApJ's).
WGT * Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
WH W. Herschel, Collected Papers (ed. Dreyer, 1912). Offsets reduced
WH w.r.t. modern positions for reference stars. Used only for objects
WH not recovered on the sky surveys (e.g. NGC 421, NGC 4317, etc).
WH * Standard deviation is meaningless.
WK W. Keel, reported in CCR (which see). NGC 992.
WK * Standard deviation better than 1 arcsec.
WKF P.A. Woudt, R.C. Kraan-Korteweg, A.P. Fairall, H. Bohringer,
WKF V. Cayatte, and I.S. Glass. A&A, in press, 1998.
WKF * Standard deviation unknown, probably a few arcsec.
WKF = 1998A&A...338....8W
WM A. S. Wilson and E. J. A. Meurs (A&ASuppl. 33, 407, 1978) Seyferts.
WM N = 7.
WM * Standard deviation around 0.2 arcsec.
WM = 1978A&AS...33..407W
WMe Wilson and Meurs, as above, but image noted as "large or asymmetric,
WMe so the errors are typically a few arcsec."
WMe * Standard deviation around 3 arcsec at a guess.
WPF Wilhelmina P. Fleming, Harvard Circulars No. 32 and 60. Various NGC
WPF and IC objects found on Harvard plates.
WPF * Standard deviation 10-15 arcsec.
WR W. Romanishin. AJ, Aug 1990. LSB galaxies.
WR * Standard deviation around 3 arcsec.
WR = 1990AJ....100..373R
WS Wolfgang Steinicke. Positions for NGC/IC objects from RealSky.
WS Identifications corrected when known wrong, flagged with a question
WS mark when WS position is different from another position and an
WS investigation is not yet done. Declinations are systematically south
WS by 2 arcsec.
WS * Standard deviation 3 arcsec or better.
WU1 A.S. Wilson and J.S. Ulvestad, ApJ 260, 56, 1982. 6 and 20 cm
WU1 position for NGC 5548.
WU1 * Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec.
WU1 = 1982ApJ...260...56W
WU2 A.S. Wilson and J.S. Ulvestad, ApJ 275, 8, 1983. 6 and 20 cm position
WU2 for NGC 1068.
WU2 * Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec.
WU2 = 1983ApJ...275....8W
WW A.S. Wilson and A.G. Willis, ApJ 240, 429, 1980. 6-cm positions for
WW Seyfert nuclei.
WW * Standard deviation 0.4 arcsec.
WW = 1980ApJ...240..429W
WWB Wynn-Williams and E. Becklin. ApJ 290, 108, 1985. Optical (Johnson
WWB V) position for NGC 2903 quoted in VPD.
WWB * Standard deviation better than 1 arcsec.
WWB = 1985ApJ...290..108W
WWD D. & B. Wills and J. Douglas. AJ 78, 521, 1973. Optical positions
WWD for radio sources.
WWD * Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
WWD = 1973AJ.....78..521W
WYC A.S. Wilson, Y. Yang, and G. Cecil. ApJ 560, 689, 2001. 20-cm
WYC nuclear source in NGC 4258.
WYC * Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec.
WYC = 2001ApJ...560..689W
YOF N. Yasuda, S. Okamura, and M. Fukugita. ApJS 96, 359, 1995.
YOF Optical positions for spirals in Virgo.
YOF * Standard deviation 0.9 arcsec.
YOF = 1995ApJS...96..359Y
YZYH Q.R. Yuan, Z.H. Zhu, Z.L. Yang, and X.T. He, A&AS, 115, 267, 1996.
YZYH APM positions for IRAS galaxies in Virgo.
YZYH * Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsec.
YZYH = 1996A&AS..115..267Y
ZGT F. Zwicky, H. Gates, and D. Taylor, unpublished ONR Report, 1955.
ZGT * Standard deviation around 5-7 arcsec at a guess.
ZH F. Zwicky and E. Herzog (CGCG II, p. 319). Special Coma Cluster map
ZH and table.
ZH * Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
ZH = Cat.VII/190........