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\paperID{P2-15}
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%                           Paper Title
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\title{Data Fusion from Diverse Resources for Optical 
        Identification of Radio Sources.}
\titlemark{Data fusion for radio source identification}

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%                         Authors of Paper
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\author{O. P. Zhelenkova and V. V. Vitkovskij}
\affil{Informatics Department, Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS
       Nizhnij Arkhyz, Russia, Email: zhe@sao.ru}


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\contact{Olga Zhelenkova}
\email{zhe@sao.ru}

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\paindex{Zhelenkova, O. P.}
\aindex{Vitkovskij, V. V.}

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\authormark{Zhelenkova \& Vitkovskij}

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\keywords{astronomy: distant radio galaxy, data: integration, discovery procedure, subject mediator}

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%                              Abstract
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\begin{abstract}          % Leave intact
Optical identification of the SS sample of the RC radio source catalogue 
was impossible without the use of additional astronomical resources. 
The volume of information for each source grew from the 100 bytes for each
RC-catalogue row up to 10MB including radio and optical observations,
information from catalogues and surveys, data processing results and files
for Internet publication. Such work pushes us to find a solution for
integration of heterogeneous data and realization of the discovery procedure.
The experience gained in this project has allowed formalization of a procedure for
distant radio galaxy discovery in the subject mediator context.
\end{abstract}

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\section{Introduction}

The BIG TRIO (Goss et al. 1992, 1994) project to investigate
distant radio galaxies was carried out at the Special Astrophysical
Observatory of RAS. The list of objects for research consisted of radio
sources from the deep survey of the sky strip observed with RATAN-600
(Parijskij et al. 1991, 1992). 104 radio galaxies were selected from
the 1145 objects in the RC catalogue. The candidates were selected
by radio source parameters including steep spectra and FRII
morphology (Parijskij et al. 1996). Most of the RC catalogue radio
sources have flux densities between 5 and 50 mJy. 10\% of sources have
a steep spectrum ({$\alpha \ge$} 0.9) and 70\% have double radio
structure. VLA observational data (NRAO, USA) were used in making more
precise radio coordinates. Data from the MIT-GB (Griffith et al. 1991),
the FIRST (Becker et al. 1995) and the NVSS (Condon et al. 1998) surveys
were also used for obtaining additional information about the
structure of the radio sources.
The candidates are identified with galaxies with magnitudes up to 24-25
in R band using observations from the 6-m telescope of
SAO RAS. The fields were tied to secondary astrometry standards defined
by the DSS-II survey and USNO-A2 catalogue for optical identification of
radio sources (Verkhodanov et al. 2000). Overlaying of optical and radio
images was done for 75 sources. The results of optical identification of
radio sources are published in the web archive of the information system
\htmladdnormallinkfoot{``Evolution of radio galaxies"}{http://sed.sao.ru/rc_archive.html}.

\section{Information Resources}
The data and resources used in this work are listed below:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The initial information is observational data. 
      Observations were carried out by RATAN-600, the 6-m and VLA 
      telescopes with the following data volumes:
RATAN-600 - 100MB; the 6-m telescope - 4000MB; VLA - 500MB. The data are
from observation data archives SAO RAS, VLA (NRAO, USA); observation files
are in the FITS format;
\item Information from astronomical web resources dealing with data processing
(digital surveys and catalogues: DSS-I, DSS-II, FIRST, NVSS, USNO-A2.0);
\item Data processing results. About 2600 files (40 files per object) were
prepared for the web archive. A 2-5 arcmin sky area was processed per source.
The information volume per source increases from 100 bytes (the RC catalogue
row) up to 10MB for all the necessary data for the processing;
\item Astronomical software: MIDAS (ESO, Germany), GAIA (Starlink, UK),
WCSTools (SAO, USA);
\item Web resources: \htmladdnormallinkfoot{the European Southern Observatory}
{http://www.eso.org}, \htmladdnormallinkfoot{Centre de Donn\'ees astronomiques de Strasbourg}
{http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr}, \htmladdnormallinkfoot{the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics}
{http://cfa-www.harvard.edu}, \htmladdnormallinkfoot{the National Radio Astronomy Observatory}
{http://www.nrao.edu}, \htmladdnormallinkfoot{the U.S. Naval Observatory}
{http://ad.usno.navy.mil}, \htmladdnormallinkfoot{the Starlink Project}
{http://star-www.rl.ac.uk}.
\end{enumerate}

\section{Data Integration}

In this work we have assembled a collection of information
for each object in our sample, integrating data from a diverse range of
resources. This collection is being utilized by a collaborative team
for research into the nature of radio sources. Organizing and providing
access to such a collection is a non trivial problem.
There are sites, where actualization of heterogeneous data is 
at a high level, for example \htmladdnormallinkfoot{the Oracle company}
{http://www.oracle.com}. It would be desirable to use such a DBMS
warehouse to organize our data collection, where web
publication and access to the information are implemented.
Designs for such a data warehouse are diverse.
The basic task for such warehouse design is addition of new types of data.

The implementation of Web access to our heterogeneous 
archive data (radio and optical)
for source identification, and for obtaining information about the processing
of the observations, has also been an exercise of integrating archives and
addition of new formats.  
We find it necessary to have semantic representation of the data content
(meta data definition) and to use this as the basis for integrating
data of different formats. Recognizing the need for such services, 
we have developed an interface to observational data archives as a 
means to federate these archives.
A prototype is available at
\htmladdnormallinkfoot{interface}{http://www.sao.ru/oasis/fetch} for
access by date to heterogeneous local observation archives.  For
other request types (by coordinates, tools etc.) a table with the
mappings of observation parameter keywords to the relevant table
columns and their UCDs (Derriere et al., 2003) is provided.
Furthermore we plan to implement access services to the observation
data according to IVOA specifications and formats
(SIA specification 2002; Williams et al. 2002).

\section{Discovery Distant Radio Galaxies by a Subject Mediator}

The procedure of compiling a radio source sample from the catalogues 
is well enough completed. The resulting collection is an essential resource
for research into the properties of early galaxies. The collection includes 
spectra, luminosity functions, morphology, starburst history, and clustering, 
all of which are necessary for checking theories of galaxy formation. 

The appearance of new deep
radio surveys enables compilation of samples with optimized selection
criteria for detecting large numbers of radio galaxies with z $\ge$ 3, and for
research of more precisely defined classes of objects. On the basis of
our experience of the optical identification of RC-sources we have formalized 
a procedure for discovery of distant galaxies. We have defined the necessary
information resources, selection criteria and procedures, and the astronomical
software required. For sampling the necessary information from heterogeneous digital
collections the application of the technology of the intellectual mediators
is provided. The subject mediator supports representation and access to the
information. The conceptual scheme of the
mediator defines the interface for interaction with the user during problem
solving. The mediator allows decisions to be made on how to integrate
diverse information at a semantic level. At the level of the mediator it is
possible to present and simulate the different information (metadata,
images, programs and processes). For association of diverse data models a
special approach involving mapping of different data models and meta
information to a canonical model will be utilized with the help of a 
few steps to specify the data model.

\acknowledgments

The work is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research,
grant N 03-07-90032.

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\begin{references}
\reference Becker, R.\ H., White, R.\ L., and Helfand, D.\ J. 1995, \apj, 450, 559
\reference Condon, J.\ J., Cotton, W.\ D., Greisen, E.\ W., Yin, Q.\ F.,
    Perley, R.\ A., Taylor, G.\ B., Broderick, J.\ J. 1998, \aj , 115, 1693
\reference Derriere, S., Ochsenbein, F., Boch, T., Rixon, G.\ R., 2003, \adassxii, 295, 69
\reference Goss, W.\ M., Parijskij, Y.\ N., Soboleva, N.\ S., Temirova, A.\ V.,
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\reference Griffith et al. 1991, \apjsupp, 75,801
\reference Parijskij, Y.\ N., Bursov, N.\ N., Lipovka, N.\ M., Soboleva, N.\ S.,
    Temirova, A.\ V., 1991, \apjsupp, 87, 1
\reference Parijskij, Y.\ N., Bursov, N.\ N., Lipovka, N.\ M., Soboleva, N.\ S.,
    Temirova, A.\ V., Chepurnov, A.\ V., 1992, \apjsupp, 96, 583
\reference Parijskij, Y.\ N., Goss, W.\ M., Kopylov, A.\ I., Soboleva, N.\ S.,
    Temirova, A.\ V., Verkhodanov, O.\ V., Zhelenkova, O.\ P., Naugolnaya, M.\ N.,
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\reference Verkhodanov, O.\ V., Kopylov, A.\ I., Zhelenkova, O.\ P.,
    Verkhodanova, N.\ V., Chernenkov, V.\ N., Parijskij, Y.\ N., Soboleva, N.\ S.,
    Temirova, A.\ V., 2000, Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, 19, 663
\reference Williams, R., Ochsenbein, F., Davenhall, C., Durand, D., Fernique, P.,
    Glaretta., D., Hanisch, R., McGlynn, T., Szalay, A., Wicenec, A., 2002,
    \htmladdnormallinkfoot{VOTable}{http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/doc/VOTable}
\reference \htmladdnormallinkfoot {Simple Image Access Prototype Specification}{http://www.us-vo.org/news/simspec.html}, 2002

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