J/A+A/645/A55 Catalogue of cold cores in Perseus (Pezzuto+, 2021) ================================================================================ Physical properties of the diffuse medium and of dense cores in the Perseus star-forming region derived from Herschel Gould Belt Survey observations. Pezzuto S., Benedettini M., Di Francesco J., Palmeirim P., Sadavoy S., Schisano E., Li Causi G., Andre P., Arzoumanian D., Bernard J.-P., Bontemps S., Elia D., Fiorellino E., Kirk J.M., Konyves V., Ladjelate B., Men'shchikov A., Motte F., Piccotti L., Schneider N., Spinoglio L., Ward-Thompson D., Wilson C.D. =2021A&A...645A..55P (SIMBAD/NED BibCode) ================================================================================ ADC_Keywords: Molecular clouds ; Photometry, millimetric/submm Keywords: star: formation - circumstellar matter - stars: protostars - dust, extinction - submillimetre: ISM Abstract: The complex of star-forming regions in Perseus is one of the most studied due to its proximity (about 300pc). In addition, its regions show variation in star-formation activity and age, with formation of low-mass and intermediate-mass stars. In this paper, we present analyses of images taken with the Herschel ESA satellite from 70 um to 500 um. From these images, we first constructed column density and dust temperature maps. We then identified compact cores in the maps at each wavelength, and characterised the cores using modified blackbody fits to their spectral energy distributions (SEDs): we identified 684 starless cores, of which 199 are bound and potential prestellar cores, and 132 protostars. We also matched the Herschel-identified young stars with GAIA sources to model distance variations across the Perseus cloud. We measure a linear gradient function with right ascension and declination for the entire cloud. This function is the first quantitative attempt to derive the gradient in distance across Perseus, from east to west, in an analytical form. We derived mass and temperature of cores from the SED fits. The core mass function can be modelled with a log-normal distribution that peaks at 0.82M_{sun}_ suggesting a star formation efficiency of 0.30 for a peak in the system initial mass function of stars at 0.25M_{sun}_. The high-mass tail can be modelled with a power law of slope ~-2.32, which is close to the Salpeter's value. We also identify the filamentary structure of Perseus and discuss the relation between filaments and star formation, confirming that stars form preferentially in filaments. We find that the majority of filaments with ongoing star formation are transcritical against their own internal gravity because their linear masses are below the critical limit of 16M_{sun}_/pc above which we expect filaments to collapse. We find a possible explanation for this result, showing that a filament with a linear mass as low as 8 Msun/pc can already be unstable. We confirm a linear relationship between star formation efficiency and the slope of dust probability density function, and we find a similar relationship with the core formation efficiency. We derive a lifetime for the prestellar core phase of 1.69+/-0.52Myr for the whole Perseus complex but different regions have a wide range in prestellar core fractions, suggesting that star formation began only recently in some clumps. We also derive a free-fall time for prestellar cores of 0.16Myr. Description: We used the multi-scale, multi-wavelength getsources algorithm to extract compact sources from the Herschel Gould Belt survey observations of the Perseus star-forming regions. In total, we identified 684 starless dense cores, out of which 199 are bound and potential prestellar cores, and 132 protostars. The observed properties of the identified sources are given in three, similar-format tables. table1.dat contains the catalogue with coordinates and the properties extracted from the Herschel images (e.g., intensity, size, significance); table2.dat contains the derived physical properties of the dense cores (e.g., dust temperature, mass, stability); table3.dat contains ancillary data (e.g., bolometric and SED-integrated luminosity, location). Description: Perseus was observed with Herschel (Pilbratt et al. 2010A&A...518L...1P) as part of the HGBS (Andre et al. 2010A&A...518L.102A) in two overlapping mosaics: the Western field (mainly NGC1333, B1, L1448, L1455) and the Eastern field (L1468, IC348, B5). Results from these observations were initially presented in Sadavoy et al. (2012A&A...540A..10S, 2014ApJ...787L..18S), Pezzuto et al. (2012A&A...547A..54P), and Zari et al. (2016A&A...587A.106Z, Cat. J/A+A/587/A106). Both fields were observed with PACS (Poglitsch et al., 2010A&A...518L...2P) at 70um (blue) and 160um (red), and with SPIRE (Griffin et al. 2010), at 250um (PSW), 350um (PMW) and 500um (PLW),in parallel mode with the telescope scanning at a speed of 60"/s. File Summary: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- FileName Lrecl Records Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ReadMe 80 . This file tablea1.dat 768 816 Catalogue with coordinates and the properties extracted from the Herschel images (corrected version, 23-Dec-2022) tablea2.dat 202 816 Derived physical properties of the dense cores (corrected version, 23-Dec-2022) tablea3.dat 68 816 Ancillary data (corrected version, 23-Dec-2022) tablee1.dat 143 170 Catalogue of additional sources excluded from the main catalogue for 70um and 160um tablee2.dat 114 170 Catalogue of additional sources excluded from the main catalogue fot 250um and 350um tablee3.dat 101 170 Catalogue of additional sources excluded from the main catalogue for 500um and high-resolution column density map -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See also: http://gouldbelt-herschel.cea.fr/archives : Herschel Gould Belt Home Page Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- 5 I3 --- runNo [1/816] Core running number 9- 23 A15 --- CoreName Core name, HHMMSS.s-DDMMSS, to be added after HGBS-J 27- 28 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0) 30- 31 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0) 33- 37 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0) 41 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0) 42- 43 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000.0) 45- 46 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000.0) 48- 51 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000.0) 56- 61 F6.1 --- Signi070 Detection significance at 70um (1) 65- 73 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak070 Peak flux density at 70um 76- 82 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak070 Uncertainty on peak flux density at 70um 89- 94 F6.2 --- Speak070/Bg Contrast over local background at 70um 101-109 E9.2 Jy/beam Sconv500-070 Peak flux density at 70um measured after smoothing data to 36.3" beam (in Jy/beam500) 114-122 E9.2 Jy Stot070 Integrated flux density at 70um 125-131 E7.1 Jy e_Stot070 Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 70um 137-139 I3 arcsec FWHMa070 Major FWHM diameter at 70um 147-149 I3 arcsec FWHMb070 Minor FWHM diameter at 70um 156-158 I3 deg PA070 [-90/90] Position angle at 70um (2) 163-169 F7.1 --- Signi160 Detection significance at 160um (1) 173-181 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak160 Peak flux density at 160um 184-190 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak160 Uncertainty on peak flux density at 160um 197-202 F6.2 --- Speak160/Bg Contrast over local background at 160um 209-217 E9.2 Jy/beam Sconv500-160 Peak flux density at 160um measured after smoothing data to 36.3" beam (in Jy/beam500) 222-230 E9.2 Jy Stot160 Integrated flux density at 160um 233-239 E7.1 Jy e_Stot160 Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 160um 245-247 I3 arcsec FWHMa160 Major FWHM diameter at 160um 255-257 I3 arcsec FWHMb160 Minor FWHM diameter at 160um 264-266 I3 deg PA160 [-90/90] Position angle at 160um (2) 271-277 F7.1 --- Signi250 Detection significance at 250um (1) 281-289 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak250 Peak flux density at 250um 292-298 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak250 Uncertainty on peak flux density at 250um 305-310 F6.2 --- Speak250/Bg Contrast over local background at 250um 317-325 E9.2 Jy/beam Sconv500-250 Peak flux density at 250um measured after smoothing data to 36.3" beam (in Jy/beam500) 330-338 E9.2 Jy Stot250 Integrated flux density at 250um 341-347 E7.1 Jy e_Stot250 Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 250um 353-355 I3 arcsec FWHMa250 Major FWHM diameter at 250um 363-365 I3 arcsec FWHMb250 Minor FWHM diameter at 250um 372-374 I3 deg PA250 [-90/90] Position angle at 250um (2) 379-385 F7.1 --- Signi350 Detection significance at 350um (1) 389-397 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak350 Peak flux density at 350um 400-406 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak350 Uncertainty on peak flux density at 350um 413-418 F6.2 --- Speak350/Bg Contrast over local background at 350um 425-433 E9.2 Jy/beam Sconv500-350 Peak flux density at 350um measured after smoothing data to 36.3" beam (in Jy/beam500) 438-446 E9.2 Jy Stot350 Integrated flux density at 350um 449-455 E7.1 Jy e_Stot350 Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 350um 461-463 I3 arcsec FWHMa350 Major FWHM diameter at 350um 471-473 I3 arcsec FWHMb350 Minor FWHM diameter at 350um 480-482 I3 deg PA350 [-90/90] Position angle at 350um (2) 487-493 F7.1 --- Signi500 Detection significance at 500um (1) 497-505 E9.2 Jy/beam Speak500 Peak flux density at 500um 508-514 E7.1 Jy/beam e_Speak500 Uncertainty on peak flux density at 500um 521-526 F6.2 --- Speak500/Bg Contrast over local background at 500um 533-541 E9.2 Jy Stot500 Integrated flux density at 500um 544-550 E7.1 Jy e_Stot500 Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 500um 556-558 I3 arcsec FWHMa500 Major FWHM diameter at 500um 566-568 I3 arcsec FWHMb500 Minor FWHM diameter at 500um 575-577 I3 deg PA500 [-90/90] Position angle at 500um (2) 582-588 F7.1 --- SigniNH2 Detection significance at high-resolution column density, N(H2) (1) 593-598 F6.2 10+21cm-2 NpeakNH2 Peak N(H2) at 18.2" resolution 606-610 F5.2 --- NpeakNH2/Nbg Contrast over local background in N(H2) 619-624 F6.3 10+21cm-2 Nconv500NH2 Peak N(H2) at 36.3" resolution 630-635 F6.3 10+21cm-2 NbgNH2 Local background in H2 column density 643-645 I3 arcsec FWHMaNH2 Major FWHM diameter in N(H2) 653-655 I3 arcsec FWHMbNH2 Minor FWHM diameter in N(H2) 662-664 I3 deg PANH2 [-90/90] Position angle in N(H2) (2) 670 I1 --- NumberSED [1/5] Number of significant Herschel bands 676 I1 --- CuTEx [0-2] Association with CuTEx counterpart (3) 681-692 A12 --- CoreType Core type 697-723 A27 --- SIMBAD Counterparts in SIMBAD 730-748 A19 --- Spitzer Counterpart in Spitzer (4) 754-768 A15 --- Comments Additional comment (5) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Detection significance, derived by getsources (Men'shchikov et al., 2012A&A...542A..81M), is 0.0 if the core is not visible in clean single scales Note (2): Position angle of the core major axis, measured east of north Note (3): CuTEx flag as follows: 2 = if the source has a counterpart detected by CuTEx (Molinari et al., 2011A&A...530A.133M) at 250um whose peak position falls inside the ellipses defined by FWHMa_NH2 and FWHMb_NH2 1 = if the peak position of the CuTEx source is not more than 6 arcsec from the getsources position 0 = no counterpart found with CuTEx Note (4): Possible counterpart in Evans et al., 2009ApJS..181..321E, Cat. J/ApJS/181/321 Note (5): Comments: no SED fit, tentative bound, or blank -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea2.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- 5 I3 --- runNo [1/816] Core running number 9- 23 A15 --- CoreName Core name, HHMMSS.s-DDMMSS, to be added after HGBS-J 27- 28 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000.0) 30- 31 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000.0) 33- 37 F5.2 s RAs Right ascension (J2000.0) 41 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000.0) 42- 43 I2 deg DEd Declination sign (J2000.0) 45- 46 I2 arcmin DEm Declination sign (J2000.0) 48- 51 F4.1 arcsec DEs Declination sign (J2000.0) 55- 61 E7.1 pc rCore Deconvolved core radius (1) 63- 69 E7.1 pc rObs Observed core radius (2) 74- 79 F6.3 Msun Mcore Estimated core mass 81- 85 F5.3 Msun e_Mcore Uncertainty in the core mass 90- 93 F4.1 K Tdust Dust temperature from SED fitting 95- 98 F4.1 K e_Tdust Uncertainty in the dust temperature 106-110 F5.1 10+21cm-2 Nh2peak Peak H2 column density measured in the maps at 36.3" resolution 117-122 F6.1 10+21cm-2 Nh2aveD Average N(H2) derived using R_core 126-130 F5.1 10+21cm-2 Nh2aveO Average N(H2) derived using R_obs 137-141 F5.1 10+4cm-3 nh2peak Beam-averaged peak volume density (3) 148-153 F6.1 10+4cm-3 nh2aveD Average core volume density from R_core 156-160 F5.1 10+4cm-3 nh2aveO Average volume density from R_obs 164-169 F6.2 --- alphaBE Ratio between the Bonnor-Ebert critical mass of the core and the observed mass 173-184 A12 --- CoreType Core type 188-202 A15 --- Comments Additional comments (4) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Geometrical average of major and minor FWHM sizes of the core as measured in the high-resolution column density map after deconvolution with the 18.2" HPBW resolution of the map. Note (2): Geometrical average of major and minor FWHM sizes of the core as measured in the high-resolution column density map before deconvolution with the 18.2" HPBW resolution of the map. Note (3): Derived from the peak column density (Nh2_peak) assuming a Gaussian spherical distribution. Note (4): Comments: no SED fit, tentative bound, or blank -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea3.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- 5 I3 --- runNo [1/816] Core running number 11- 16 F6.3 Lsun Lbol(ana) Bolometric luminosity from analytical integration of a modified blackbody (1) 22- 27 F6.3 Lsun LSED Bolometric luminosity from numerical integration of the observed SED 32- 38 F7.3 mu lambda0 Wavelength above which the model is optically thin (1) 44- 46 I3 mu lambda* Wavelength above which the model must be optically thin for Lbol(ana) to be valid (1) 55 I1 --- CoreType [0/3]? Core type (2) 61 I1 --- SEDfi [0/1]? SED reliable/unreliable (3) 67- 68 I2 --- Region [0/16]? Cloud where the source is found (4) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Lbol(ana), lambda0 and lambda* entries are evaluated from fitting a modified blackbody to the SED. This is possible only if the SED is reliable (see SEDfi). Values set to 0 otherwise Note (2): Core type code as follows: 0 = unbound starless 1 = bound starless (prestellar) 2 = protostellar core 3 = tentative bound core Note (3): SED reliable/unreliable as follows: 0 = unreliable SED (no fit) 1 = reliable SED (modified blackbody fit to the SED) Note (4): Region code as follows: 1 = L1451 2 = L1448 3 = L1455 4 = NGC1333 5 = Perseus6 ([LMG94] Per 6 in Simbad) 6 = B1 (Barnard 1 in Simbad) 7 = B1E ([SDA2012] Perseus B1-E in Simbad) 8 = L1468 9 = IC348 10 = B5 (Barnard 5 in Simbad) 11 = HPZ1, RA=51.37, DE=+31.40 12 = HPZ2, RA=52.98, DE=+30.01 13 = HPZ3, RA=53.89, DE=+31.40 14 = HPZ4, RA=54.54, DE=+31.34 15 = HPZ5, RA=54.72, DE=+30.66 16 = HPZ6, RA=56.32, DE=+32.08 0 = no region -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee1.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 3 I3 --- No [1/170] Source running number 5- 9 A5 --- Type Type (1) 11- 18 F8.5 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000.0) 20- 27 F8.5 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000.0) 29- 35 F7.3 --- Signi070 ?=- Detection significance at 70um 37- 44 E8.3 Jy/beam Speak070 ?=- Peak flux density at 70um 46- 51 E6.2 Jy/beam e_Speak070 ?=- Uncertainty on peak flux density at 70um 53- 60 E8.3 Jy/beam Stot070 ?=- Integrated flux density at 70um 62- 67 E6.2 Jy/beam e_Stot070 ?=- Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 70um 69- 73 F5.1 arcsec FWHMa070 ?=- Major FWHM diameter at 70um 75- 79 F5.1 arcsec FWHMb070 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter at 70um 81- 85 F5.1 deg PA070 ?=- Position angle at 70um 87- 93 F7.3 --- Signi160 Detection significance at 160um 95-102 E8.3 Jy/beam Speak160 Peak flux density at 160um 104-109 E6.2 Jy/beam e_Speak160 Uncertainty on peak flux density at 160um 111-118 E8.2 Jy/beam Stot160 Integrated flux density at 160um 120-125 E6.2 Jy/beam e_Stot160 Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 160um 127-131 F5.1 arcsec FWHMa160 Major FWHM diameter at 160um 133-137 F5.1 arcsec FWHMb160 Minor FWHM diameter at 160um 139-143 F5.1 deg PA160 Position angle at 160um -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note (1): Type as follows: 2 = counterpart in 2MASS DS = source in [DS95] (Danilov & Seleznev, 1995AZh....72..333D) G = galaxy HH = Herbig-Haro object HL = candidate YSO from [HL2013] (Hsieh & Lai, 2013ApJS..205....5H) IRAS = counterpart in IRAS LRL = source in Cl* IC 348 LRL M = star from catalogue MBO (Wilking et al., 2004AJ....127.1131W) NTC = source in Cl* IC 348 NTC PSZ = source in [PSZ2003] (Preibisch et al., 2003A&A...409..147P) U = W UMa star W = counterpart in WISE c2d = source in SSTc2d delta = delta Scuti star -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee2.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 3 I3 --- No [1/170] Source running number 5- 12 F8.3 --- Signi250 ?=- Detection significance at 250um 14- 20 E7.3 Jy/beam Speak250 ?=- Peak flux density at 250um 22- 28 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Speak250 ?=- Uncertainty on peak flux density at 250um 29- 36 E8.3 Jy/beam Stot250 ?=- Integrated flux density at 250um 38- 44 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Stot250 ?=- Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 250um 45- 48 F4.1 arcsec FWHMa250 ?=- Major FWHM diameter at 250um 50- 53 F4.1 arcsec FWHMb250 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter at 250um 55- 59 F5.1 deg PA250 ?=- Position angle at 250um 61- 67 F7.3 --- Signi350 ?=- Detection significance at 350um 69- 75 E7.3 Jy/beam Speak350 ?=- Peak flux density at 350um 77- 83 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Speak350 ?=- Uncertainty on peak flux density at 350um 84- 91 E8.3 Jy/beam Stot350 ?=- Integrated flux density at 350um 93- 99 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Stot350 ?=- Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 350um 100-103 F4.1 arcsec FWHMa350 ?=- Major FWHM diameter at 350um 105-108 F4.1 arcsec FWHMb350 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter at 350um 110-114 F5.1 deg PA350 ?=- Position angle at 350um -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee3.dat -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bytes Format Units Label Explanations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1- 3 I3 --- No [1/170] Source running number 5- 11 F7.3 --- Signi500 ?=- Detection significance at 500um 13- 20 E8.3 Jy/beam Speak500 ?=- Peak flux density at 500um 22- 28 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Speak500 ?=- Uncertainty on peak flux density at 500um 29- 36 E8.3 Jy/beam Stot500 ?=- Integrated flux density at 500um 38- 44 E7.3 Jy/beam e_Stot500 ?=- Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 500um 45- 48 F4.1 arcsec FWHMa500 ?=- Major FWHM diameter at 500um 50- 53 F4.1 arcsec FWHMb500 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter at 500um 55- 59 F5.1 deg PA500 ?=- Position angle at 500um 61- 68 F8.3 --- SigniNH2 ?=- Detection significance at high-resolution column density, N(H2) 70- 77 E8.3 10+20cm-2 NpeakNH2 ?=- Peak N(H2) at 18.2" resolution 79- 85 E7.3 10+20cm-2 e_NpeakNH2 ?=- Uncertainty on peak N(H2) at 18.2" resolution 86- 90 F5.1 arcsec FWHMaNH2 ?=- Major FWHM diameter in N(H2) 92- 95 F4.1 arcsec FWHMbNH2 ?=- Minor FWHM diameter in N(H2) 97-101 F5.1 deg PAH2 ?=- Position angle in N(H2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Acknowledgements: Stefano Pezzuto, stefano.pezzuto(at)inaf.it History: 12-Jan-2021 : on-line version 23-Dec-2022 : corrected versions of tablea1, tablea2 and tablea3 ================================================================================ (End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 30-Nov-2020