The following document lists the file refs.dat
from catalogue VII/239A.
Also available:
plain copy of the file
with f77 program to read file
into arrays
or line by line
File is also available in
FITS,
Tab-separated format,
or in HTML.
## (from tabmap V6.0 (2016-08-18)) 2024-04-16T11:08:59
#---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#-- VII/239A History and Accurate Positions for the NGC/IC Objects (Corwin, 2004)
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------
#---Table: VII/239A/./refs.dat References of positions (2365 records)
# Ref A5 --- Reference code
# n_Text A1 --- [*=] * indicate a remark line, = the Bibcode
# Text A71 --- Text of note.
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2MSP | |2MASS Point Source Catalog, 2000. On-line version via VizieR.
2MSP |*|Standard deviation 0.18 arcsec. There are far fewer problems with
2MSP | |the point source positions than there are with the extended source
2MSP | |positions.
2MSP |=|Cat. II/246
2MSX | |2MASS Extended Source Catalog, 2003. (Some positions from the 1st or
2MSX | |2nd Incremental Releases, 1999 and 2000, via NED).
2MSX |*|Standard deviation 0.30 arcsec, but much larger accidental errors can
2MSX | |occur in the Incremental Releases. I checked all of these before
2MSX | |entering them here. The problems (due to edge-of-scan effects) are
2MSX | |largely overcome in the Full-Sky release of 2003, but some remain.
2MSX |=|Cat. VII/233
AA | |Arthur Auwers, AN 58, 369, 1862; micrometric observations, re-reduced.
AA |*|Standard deviation about 2 arcsec at a guess.
AA |=|1862AN.....58..369A
AAS | |A.A. Schoenmaker, quoted in dBW and vdK2,3 (which see; also see
AAS | |van Herk and Schoenmaker, IAU Circular 2334, 1971 and A&A 17, 146,
AAS | |1971 for repeat of N5055). Optical positions for a few bright
AAS | |galaxies.
AAS |*|Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
AAS |=|1972A&A....17..146V
AC | |R. W. Argyle and E. D. Clements, Observatory 110, 93, 1990. N = 32
AC |*|Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
AC |=|1990Obs...110...93A
AC22 | |AC 2000.2. Stars; and a few planetaries, courtesy Brian Skiff.
AC22 | |Proper motion almost always ignored.
AC22 |*|Standard deviation around 0.2-0.3 arcsec at B1950.0.
AC22 |=|Cat. I/275
ACR | |R. C. Stone, J. R. Pier, and D. G. Monet, AJ 118, 2488, 1999.
ACR | |Astrometric Calibration Regions around the celestial equator. A few
ACR | |galaxies picked up among the 1.2 million stars. These are tightly
ACR | |tied to the ICRS.
ACR |*|Standard deviation around 0.03 arcsec (that is not a typo: 0.03"!)
ACR |=|Cat. I/263
AE | |R. W. Argyle and P. Eldridge, MNRAS 243, 504, 1990. Seyfert
AE | |galaxies. N = 72
AE |*|Standard deviation about 0.15 arcsec.
AE |=|1990MNRAS.243..504A
AGK2 | |A. Kopff and J. Peters. AGK2. Astron. Rechen-Inst. Veroff. 16,
AGK2 | |No. 71. Positions for objects that can be fairly represented by
AGK2 | |stars.
AGK2 |*|Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec (but with systematic errors).
AGK2 |=|Cat. I/2
AGK3 | |AGK3 (check SIMBAD or VizieR for the complete reference). Positions
AGK3 | |for stellar objects.
AGK3 |*|Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec (but with systematic errors).
AH | |Brent A. Archinal and Steven J. Hynes. "Star Clusters", 2003
AH | |Willmann-Bell, Richmond, VA. Positions for Galactic, LMC, SMC, M31,
AH | |and Fornax open and globular clusters, precessed from J2000.0.
AH |*|Standard deviation varies, depending on cluster size and position
AH | |source.
AH |=|2003stcl.book.....A
AK | |A. N. Argue and C. M. Kenworthy, MNRAS 160, 197, 1972. NGC 1275.
AK | |N = 1
AK |*|Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
AK |=|1972MNRAS.160..197A
AK90 | |O.B. Aaquist and S. Kwok. A&AS 84, 229, 1990. Position for NGC 6807
AK90 | |pulled in by B.A. Skiff.
AK90 |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
AM | |H.C. Arp and B.F. Madore. "Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies
AM | |and Associations," Cambridge U. Press, 1987.
AM |*|Standard deviation around 15-20 arcsec.
AM |=|Cat. VII/170
AMo | |R.W. Argyle and L.V. Morrison, IAUC 5976, 1994. Offsets (9"w, 7"n;
AMo | |see Treffers etal. IAUC 5946) from SN 1994D in NGC 4526 for nucleus.
AMo | |SN pos is 12 31 29.945 +07 58 36.87 (n=18) +-0.06 arcsec.
AMo |*|Standard deviation about an arcsec; depends on offset.
AMo |=|1994IAUC.5976....1A
APM | |S. Maddox et al, MNRAS 243, 692, 1990. APM Galaxy Catalogue, 1996
APM | |version. Selected galaxies only.
APM |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec for small galaxies, up to 8-10 arcsec
APM | |for large galaxies. Use 3 arcsec for the time being.
APM |=|1990MNRAS.243..692M
APMN | |Northern APM scans from POSS1 copy plates. Seems to be free from the
APMN | |systematic errors that plague the southern APM positions.
APMN |*|Standard deviation for small galaxies 0.2 arcsec, probably around 1-2
APMN | |arcsec for large ones.
APMN |=|Cat. I/267
APMb | |J. Loveday et al, MNRAS 278, 1025, 1996. APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue.
APMb | |Selected galaxies only. Many galaxy images are contaminated by
APMb | |superposed star images, and many others have just plain wrong
APMb | |positions.
APMb |*|Standard deviation around 3 arcsec. Occasional much larger errors are
APMb | |weeded out.
APMb |=|1996MNRAS.278.1025L
APMn | |A. Naim et al, MNRAS 274, 1107, 1995. 830+- galaxies in the south-
APMn | |equatorial zone. Same problems as the APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue
APMn | |(APMb here, which see), though superposed stars are less frequent.
APMn |*|Standard deviation around 8-10 arcsec.
APMn |=|1995MNRAS.274.1107N
AO | |Aoki et al (1991, PASJ 43, 775; pos for IR nucleus of NGC 891)
AO |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
AO |=|1991PASJ...43..755A
AR | |R. J. Allen and E. Raimond, A&A 19, 317, 1972. Maffei 2. N = 1
AR |*|Standard deviation 2 arcsec.
AR |=|1972A&A....19..317A
ASec | |A. Secchi. AN 66, 11, 1866. About a dozen objects found by Brother
ASec | |Ferraro at College Roman, most now unidentifiable. Nominal positions.
ASec |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
ASec |=|1866AN.....66..161S
Ames | |A. Ames, HA 88, No. 1, 1930. Virgo Cluster survey on four Bruce
Ames | |refractor plates. Only positions that Ames measured herself used
Ames | |here. She took most NGC/IC positions from the NGC/IC itself.
Ames |*|Standard deviation 20 arcsec at a guess.
Bar | |E.E. Barnard, various publications. Micrometric observations,
Bar | |re-reduced w.r.t. modern comparison positions when possible, precessed
Bar | |otherwise. (See also EEB, below).
Bar |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
Bax | |J. Baxendell. Nominal position for NGC 7088, a non-existent nebula.
Bax |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Be | |L. Becker, Annals of the Edinburgh Observatory No. 1, page 1, 1902.
Be | |Meridian circle observations.
Be |*|Standard deviation around 5 arcsec at a guess.
Beck | |S.C. Beck et al. ApJ 457, 610, 1996. 2-cm and H-alpha peaks for NGC
Beck | |5253; astrometry based on GSC stars.
Beck |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec in both coordinates.
Beck |=|1996ApJ...457..610B
Bids | |Bidschof, AN 3520. Micrometric measurements at Vienna Obs.
Bids | |Precessed from 1890.0.
Bids |*|Standard deviation around 2 arcsec.
Big | |G. Bigourdan, visual micrometric measurements (1884 - 1907) reduced
Big | |by me w.r.t. SAO, AGK3, GSC, or AC positions, taking proper motion
Big | |into account when possible.
Big |*|Standard deviation varies, usually about 2 arcsec, but is larger for
Big | |objects with poorly-defined or faint nuclei.
Bige | |G. Bigourdan, estimated offset.
Bige |*|Standard deviation anywhere from 3 to 30 arcsec.
Bign | |Bigourdan's nominal position for objects not found by me.
Bign |*|Standard deviation meaningless in this case.
Bond | |G. P. Bond, AN 1453. Micrometric observations with the 16-inch
Bond | |Harvard refractor, c. 1850s. Most are stars.
Bond |*|Standard deviation around 20 arcsec at a guess.
Bord | |M. Rapaport et al. A&A 376, 325, 2001. Bordeaux meridian circle
Bord | |positions for PNe, extracted by Brian Skiff.
Bord |*|Standard deviation around 0.15 arcsec at a guess.
BAA | |Brent A. Archinal, private communication (but also see source AH).
BAA | |Open clusters.
BAA |*|Standard deviation 5-30 arcsec depending on cluster size.
BASm | |B. Skiff, means from several different sources, usually for
BASm | |planetaries.
BASm |*|Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsec.
BC | |R. Buta and H. Corwin, Ap. J. Suppl. 62, 255, 1986. Means of several
BC | |sources (calculated by me). Hercules Cluster. N = 35
BC |*|Standard deviation better than 1 arcsec.
BC |=|1986ApJS...62..255B
BCG | |E.J. Barton, R.R. De Carvalho, and M.J. Geller. AJ 116, 1573, 1998.
BCG | |About 500 galaxies in or near compact groups.
BCG |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
BCG |=|1998AJ....116.1573B
BCGP | |Barbieri, C., Capaccioli, M., Ganz, R., and Pinto, G. AJ 77, 444,
BCGP | |1972. Radio sources.
BCGP |*|Standard deviation about 0.4 arcsec.
BCGP |=|1972AJ.....77..444B
BI | |W.A. Baan and J.A. Irwin. ApJ 446, 602, 1995. 1412.1 and 1655.2 MHz
BI | |observations of the unresolved nuclear source in NGC 3079.
BI |*|Standard deviation around 0.3-0.4 arcsec.
BI |=|1995ApJ...446..602B
BJM | |B.J. McNamara. PASP, 83, 491, 1971. Crab pulsar from Lick 36-inch
BJM | |plates.
BJM |*|Standard deviation around 0.1 arcsec.
BJM |=|1971PASP...83..491M
BPP | |L. Basso, G. Palumbo, R. Primavera, G. Vettolani, and M. Vigotti.
BPP | |A&AS 83, 569, 1990. CGCG galaxies, Paper 4 (see VPS). Paper copies of
BPP | |microfiche scanned, proofed.
BPP |*|Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
BPP | |5 arcsec.
BPP |=|1990A&AS...83..569B
BSV | |Brian Skiff, private communication. Open clusters and central stars
BSV | |of planetaries, measured using SkyView, precessed from J2000.0.
BSV |*|Standard deviation depends on size of object. For planetaries, it is
BSV | |around 2 arcsec; for small compact clusters, around 5 arcsec; for
BSV | |large scattered clusters, around an arcmin.
BSa | |B. Santiago, private communication. ESGC galaxies, measured with
BSa | |an overlay. N = 20
BSa |*|Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
BSc | |E. Bica and H. Schmitt, ApJS 110, 41, 1995. SMC clusters and
BSc | |nebulae, from ESO IIIa-F sky survey films.
BSc |*|Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
BSc |=|1995ApJS..101...41B
BTC | |Bordeaux Transit Circle. See 2001A&A...376..325R. Courtesy Brian
BTC | |Skiff; a few planetaries.
BTC |*|Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec at a guess (I obviously haven't seen the
BTC | |paper yet.)
BTC |=|Cat. I/272
Carl | |D.W. Evans, M.J. Irwin, and L. Helmer. A&A 395, 347, 2002. Carlsberg
Carl | |CCD drift scans in the +-3 deg equatorial belt. The galaxies are
Carl | |usually in the "reject" file, but their positions nevertheless have
Carl | |very small errors. This will eventually extend north to +30 deg.
Carl |*|Standard deviation "about 0.035 arcsec."
Carl |=|Cat. I/282
Cer | |V. Cerulli, AN 139, 47, 1895; NGC 5898, 5903 micrometrically measured,
Cer | |precessed from equinox 1895.
Cer |*|Standard deviation probably 2-3 arcsec
Cer |=|1896AN....139...47C
Cope | |Ralph Copeland, found with LdR's 72-inch. Adopted only for missing
Cope | |objects.
Cope |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
CB2 | |J.J. Condon and J.J. Broderick. AJ 102, 1663, 1991. 6-cm and optical
CB2 | |positions for galaxies identified with IRAS sources.
CB2 |*|Standard deviations: less than 1 arcsec for 6-cm, 0.5 arcsec for
CB2 | |optical positions given to 0.1 arcsec, 3-5 arcsec for optical given
CB2 | |to 1 arcsec.
CB2 |=|1991AJ....102.1663C
CB2o | |J.J. Condon and J.J. Broderick. AJ 102, 1663, 1991. 6-cm and optical
CB2o | |positions for galaxies identified with IRAS sources.
CB2o |*|Standard deviations: less than 1 arcsec for 6-cm, 0.5 arcsec for
CB2o | |optical positions given to 0.1 arcsec, 3-5 arcsec for optical given
CB2o | |to 1 arcsec.
CB2o |=|1991AJ....102.1663C
CBF | |R. Chandar, L. Bianchi, H.C. Ford. ApJS 122, 431, 1999. M33 on HST
CBF | |WFPC2 frame.
CBF |*|Standard deviation around 0.2-0.3 arcsec.
CBF |=|1999ApJS..122..431C
CCA | |W. Cotton, J.J. Condon, E. Arbizzani. ApJS, December 1999.
CCA | |All UGC galaxies, from DSS. NGC/IC identifications are mine.
CCA |*|Standard deviation: 1.2 arcsec (though CCA added in an additional
CCA | |error as a function of diameter as well; I've included their nominal
CCA | |error as a note).
CCA |=|1999ApJS..125..409C
CCBD | |J.J. Condon, M.A. Condon, J.J. Broderick, and M.M. Davis. AJ 88, 20,
CCBD | |1983. Optical positions for flat-spectrum radio sources. Four
CCBD | |NGC/IC objects included.
CCBD |*|Standard deviations: 1 arcsec.
CCBD |=|1983AJ.....88...20C
CCR | |J.J. Condon, M.A. Condon, G. Gisler, and J.J. Puschell. ApJ 252, 102,
CCR | |1982. 6- or 21-cm positions (CCR), or optical positions (CCO) for
CCR | |bright spirals.
CCR |*|Standard deviations: 1 arcsec (optical), "smaller than 1 arcsec"
CCR | |(radio).
CCR |=|1982ApJ...252..102C
CCO | |J.J. Condon, M.A. Condon, G. Gisler, and J.J. Puschell. ApJ 252, 102,
CCO | |1982. 6- or 21-cm positions (CCR), or optical positions (CCO) for
CCO | |bright spirals.
CCO |*|Standard deviations: 1 arcsec (optical), "smaller than 1 arcsec"
CCO | |(radio).
CCO |=|1982ApJ...252..102C
CDC | |P.C. Crane, J.R. Dickel, and J.J. Cowan, ApJ 390, L9, 1992. 3.6 cm
CDC | |position for the nucleus of M31.
CDC |*|Standard deviation 0.4 arcsec.
CDC |=|1992ApJ...390L...9C
CFB | |J.J. Condon, D.T. Frayer, and J.J. Broderick. AJ 101, 362, 1991.
CFB | |6-cm and optical positions for UGC galaxies which are strong radio
CFB | |sources.
CFB |*|Standard deviations: less than 1 arcsec for 6-cm, 0.5 arcsec for
CFB | |optical positions given to 0.1 arcsec, 3-5 arcsec for optical given
CFB | |to 1 arcsec.
CFB |=|1991AJ....101..362C
CFBo | |J.J. Condon, D.T. Frayer, and J.J. Broderick. AJ 101, 362, 1991.
CFBo | |6-cm and optical positions for UGC galaxies which are strong radio
CFBo | |sources.
CFBo |*|Standard deviations: less than 1 arcsec for 6-cm, 0.5 arcsec for
CFBo | |optical positions given to 0.1 arcsec, 3-5 arcsec for optical given
CFBo | |to 1 arcsec.
CFBo |=|1991AJ....101..362C
CK | |J. Condon and D.L. Kaplan, ApJS 117, 361, 1998. Optical positions of
CK | |planetary nebulae measured on DSS.
CK |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec for stellar planetaries, 5-10 arcsec
CK | |for larger objects.
CK |=|1998ApJS..117..361C
CP | |C. Pollas, Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, IAU Circulars Nos. 5076,
CP | |5141, 5147, 5421; parent galaxies of SNe.
CP |*|Standard deviation probably 1-2 arcsec
CSD | |E. Corbelli, E. E. Salpeter, and J. M. Dickey, ApJ 370, 49, 1991.
CSD | |Positions for galaxies in two rich clusters, including Abell 400.
CSD |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
CSD |=|1991ApJ...370...49C
CSP | |C. S. Pierce, Harvard Annals, Vol 8, Part 1. Used only when the
CSP | |object is not found (e.g. NGC 1170).
CSP |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
CW | |Carl Wirtz, Strassburg Annals, 1911. Precessed from 1900, or
CW | |occasionally re-reduced from the original micrometric offsets.
CW |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
(CW1 | |Identification by Corwin, position from Wolf, List 1 (MW1).)
(CW1 | |This source replaced by MW1.
(CW1 |*|Standard deviation around 3-5 arcsec.
d'A | |Heinrich d'Arrest, 1867. Observed positions precessed from 1861.
d'A | |Usually included only for nebulae not found.
d'A |*|Standard deviation around an arcmin, but meaningless for objects not
d'A | |found.
dBW | |A.G. de Bruyn and A.G. Willis. A&A 33, 351, 1974. 6-cm positions for
dBW | |NGC 2782 and NGC 4151 (RA's only, not included here, for N1068, N3227,
dBW | |and N7469).
dBW |*|Standard deviation 1 arcsec or better.
dBW |=|1974A&A....33..351D
Den | |Denning, private communication to Dreyer; taken from NGC.
Den | |This source will be replaced; positions are place-holders for now.
Den |*|Standard deviation around 2-3 arcmin.
DAD | |D. A. Dale, AJ, in press. DSS positions for galaxies in clusters.
DAD |*|Standard deviation around 1 arcsec.
DC | |L. L. Dressel and J. J. Condon, Ap. J. Suppl. 31, 187, 1976.
DC |*|Standard deviation around 4 arcsec.
DC |=|1976ApJS...31..187D
DDB | |D.D. Balam. IAUC 6427. Positions for parent galaxies of SNe.
DDB |*|Standard deviation better than 0.5 arcsec.
DDB |=|1996IAUC.6427R...1W
DFOT | |M. Doi, M. Fukugita, S. Okamura, and K. Tarusawa. ApJS 97, 77, 1995.
DFOT | |Galaxies brighter than B = 16 within 5 degrees of the Coma Cluster.
DFOT |*|Standard deviation around 1 arcsec.
DFOT |=|1995ApJS...97...77D
DJSo | |D.J. Saikia et al. MNRAS 245, 397, 1990. Optical and radio positions
DJSo | |for nuclear hot spots in NGC 1808.
DJSo |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
DJSo |=|1990MNRAS.245..397S
DJSr | |D.J. Saikia et al. MNRAS 245, 397, 1990. Optical and radio positions
DJSr | |for nuclear hot spots in NGC 1808.
DJSr |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
DJSr |=|1990MNRAS.245..397S
DKM1 | |D. K. Milne, A.J. 78, 239, 1973. Planetaries.
DKM1 |*|Standard deviation 6-8 arcsec.
DKM1 |=|1973AJ.....78..239M
DKM2 | |D. K. Milne, A.J. 81, 753, 1976. Planetaries.
DKM2 |*|Standard deviation 6-8 arcsec.
DKM2 |=|1976AJ.....81..753M
DLW | |D. L. Welch, AJ 101, 538, 1991. SMC clusters.
DLW |*|Standard deviation 5 arcsec.
DLW |=|1991AJ....101..538W
DM | |S. Djorgovski and G. Meylan, 1993, in Structure and Dynamics of
DM | |Globular Clusters, ASP Conference Series No. 50, ed. Djorgovski, S.
DM | |and Meylan, G., ASP (San Francisco), p. 325. Globulars.
DM |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
DS | |Delisle Stewart, HA 60. 677 nebulae found on 24-inch Bruce reflector
DS | |plates taken at Arequipa, Peru. Used only when the nebula is not
DS | |found. Given to 0.1 minute and 1 arcmin in HA 60.
DS |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
DWFo | |M. J. Drinkwater, R. L. Webster, P. J. Francis, J. J. Condon,
DWFo | |S. L. Ellison, D. L. Jauncey, J. Lovell, B. A. Peterson, and
DWFo | |A. Savage, MNRAS 284, 85, 1997. Optical positions for Parkes radio
DWFo | |sources, taken from the COSMOS/UKST Southern Sky Catalogue, corrected
DWFo | |for systematic plate-to-plate errors; or from APM scans of the POSS1.
DWFo |*|Standard deviation 0.8 arcsec.
DWFo |=|1997MNRAS.284...85D
DWFr | |M. J. Drinkwater, R. L. Webster, P. J. Francis, J. J. Condon,
DWFr | |S. L. Ellison, D. L. Jauncey, J. Lovell, B. A. Peterson, and
DWFr | |A. Savage, MNRAS 284, 85, 1997. Radio positions for Parkes radio
DWFr | |sources, observed at the VLA or at the ATCA.
DWFr |*|Standard deviation about 0.3 - 0.5 arcsec.
DWFr |=|1997MNRAS.284...85D
dEn | |d'Engelhardt, monograph. Micrometric positions for a few IC objects,
dEn | |precessed from 1885.0.
dEn |*|Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec at a guess.
ECP | |Edward C. Pickering, Harvard Circular No. 5.
ECP | |Miscellaneous positions, usually measured on Harvard plates.
ECP |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
EDC | |E. D. Clements, MNRAS 197, 829, 1981. Seyfert Galaxies. N = 14
EDC |*|Standard deviation around 0.15 arcsec.
EDC |=|1981MNRAS.197..829C
EEB | |E.E. Barnard, IC positions precessed; used for objects not found in
EEB | |any of Barnard's published papers. Some positions are exact and
EEB | |obviously micrometrically measured, but most are clearly estimates.
EEB | |I've found one (IC 5259) that is 2.5 min off in RA, and another (IC
EEB | |5366) that may be 2 degrees off.
EEB |*|Standard deviation varies, but take an arcmin.
EHDS | |E. Hummel and D.J. Saikia, A&A 249, 43, 1991. 1.49 GHz and 4.86 GHz
EHDS | |positions for NGC 4388 and NGC 4438.
EHDS |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec at a guess.
EHDS |=|1991A&A...249...43H
EHo | |Eric Holmberg, Double Galaxy Catalogue, 1937. Delta RA, delta Dec
EHo | |from main galaxy to companions.
EHo |*|Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
EHo |=|1937AnLun...6....1H
EJS | |E. J. Shaya, et al. A.J. 111, 2212, 1996. N = 1. NGC 1316
EJS |*|Standard deviation probably 0.5 arcsec or so.
EJS |=|1996AJ....111.2212S
En | |R. Engelmann, AN 104, 193, 1883. Meridian circle observations.
En | |Precessed from equinox 1870.0.
En |*|Standard deviation around 3-5 arcsec; there is probably a systematic
En | |offset.
En |=|1883AN....104..193E
ESO | |Andris Lauberts, The ESO/Uppsala Survey of the Quick B Atlas of the
ESO | |Southern Sky (Garching: ESO), 1982. This reference is being replaced
ESO | |by the more explicit ESOB as I find them.
ESO |*|Standard deviation about 5-6 arcsec.
ESO |=|1982ESO...C......0L
ESOB | |Andris Lauberts, The ESO/Uppsala Survey of the Quick B Atlas of the
ESOB | |Southern Sky (Garching: ESO), 1982.
ESOB |*|Standard deviation about 5-6 arcsec.
ESOB |=|1982ESO...C......0L
ESOL | |A. Lauberts and E. Valentijn, Surface Photometry of the ESO/Uppsala
ESOL | |Galaxies (Garching: ESO), 1989. Positions revised from ESO, newly
ESOL | |measured, or offset from ESO-B position.
ESOL |*|Standard deviation about 6-8 arcsec.
ESOL |=|Cat. VII/115
ESOLV| |A. Lauberts and E. Valentijn, Surface Photometry of the ESO/Uppsala
ESOLV| |Galaxies (Garching: ESO), 1989. Positions revised from ESO, newly
ESOLV| |measured, or offset from ESO-B position.
ESOLV|*|Standard deviation about 6-8 arcsec.
ESOLV|=|Cat. VII/115
EWSo | |R.D. Ekers, J.V. Wall, P.A. Shaver, W.M. Goss, R.A.E. Fosbury,
EWSo | |I.J. Danziger, A.F.M. Moorwood, D.F. Malin, A.S. Monk, and J.A. Ekers.
EWSo | |MNRAS 236, 737, 1989. Optical positions for radio galaxies.
EWSo |*|Standard deviation 1-1.5 arcsec.
EWSo |=|1989MNRAS.236..737E
EWSr | |R.D. Ekers, J.V. Wall, P.A. Shaver, W.M. Goss, R.A.E. Fosbury,
EWSr | |I.J. Danziger, A.F.M. Moorwood, D.F. Malin, A.S. Monk, and J.A. Ekers.
EWSr | |MNRAS 236, 737, 1989. 6.1-cm positions for radio galaxies.
EWSr |*|Standard deviation 0.3-0.5 arcsec.
EWSr |=|1989MNRAS.236..737E
FAB | |F.A. Bellamy. MN 64, 662, 1904. Position for IC 4996, derived from
FAB | |an approximate mean for positions of 103 stars in an area about 15
FAB | |arcmin across.
FAB |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcmin.
FAB |=|1904MNRAS..64..662B
FAST | |FASTT transit circle. See 1999AJ....118.2488S. Courtesy of Brian
FAST | |Skiff; a few planetaries.
FAST |*|Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec at a guess (I obviously haven't seen the
FAST | |paper yet).
FAST |=|1999AJ....118.2488S
FBP | |C.B. Foltz, B.M. Peterson, and T.A. Boroson. Astron. J. 85, 1328,
FBP | |1980. Markarian 701-797.
FBP |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
FBP |=|1980AJ.....85.1328F
FBi | |F. Bidschof. (Ann. K. K. Univ.-Sternw. Wein, 14, 1, 1900).
FBi | |Micrometric measurements, precessed from 1897.0.
FBi |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec at a guess.
FC | |H. Ferguson, A.J. 98, 367, 1989, from hand measures of Las Campanas
FC | |2.5-m plate. Fornax Cluster. (This and sources FSn and FSs replace
FC | |source HF.)
FC |*|Standard deviation 20 arcsec at a guess.
FC |=|1989AJ.....98..367F
FCJL | |H.C. Ford, P.C. Crane, G.H. Jacoby, D.G. Lawrie, and J.M. van der
FCJL | |Hulst. ApJ 293, 132, 1985. 6 and 20-cm observations of NGC 5194.
FCJL |*|Standard deviation 0.04 arcsec.
FCJL |=|1985ApJ...293..132F
FGLM | |E.B. Fomalont, W.M. Goss, A.G. Lyme, R.N. Manchester. MN 210, 113,
FGLM | |1984. Crab pulsar from VLA observations.
FGLM |*|Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec
FGLM |=|1984MNRAS.210..113F
FK5 | |Fifth Fundamental Catalogue. Positions for a few bright stars.
FK5 |*|Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec
FK5 |=|Cat. I/149
FKL | |K.C. Freeman, B. Karlsson, G. Lynga, J.F. Burrell, H. van Woerden,
FKL | |and W.M. Goss. A&A 55, 445, 1977. Optical position for the Circinus
FKL | |Galaxy.
FKL |=|1977A&A....55..445F
FMu | |Frank Muller, micrometric measurements, re-reduced using modern
FMu | |positions for comparison stars.
FPB | |C.B. Foltz, B.M. Peterson, and T.A. Boroson. AJ 85, 1328, 1980.
FPB |=|1980AJ.....85.1328F
FSn | |H. Ferguson, A.J. 98, 367, 1989, from unsaturated PDS scans of IIIa-J
FSn | |plate. Fornax Cluster.
FSn |*|Standard deviation 3 arcsec.
FSn |=|1989AJ.....98..367F
FSs | |H. Ferguson, A.J. 98, 367, 1989, from saturated PDS scans of IIIa-J
FSs | |plate. Fornax Cluster.
FSs |*|Standard deviation 10 arcsec at a guess.
FSs |=|1989AJ.....98..367F
FT | |J.R. Fisher and R.B. Tully. (A&A 44, 151, 1975). DDO galaxies.
FT |*|Standard deviation 10 arcsec.
FT |=|1975A&A....44..151F
Fin | |W. H. Finlay. A few nebulae found with the 7-inch refractor at Cape
Fin | |Town in the 1890's. Positions reported only if the objects are not
Fin | |found.
Fin |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Fr | |R. H. Frost, in Harvard Annals 60. Used only when the object is not
Fr | |found.
Fr |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
GC | |J.R. Glanfield and M.J. Cameron. Aust. J. Phys. 20, 613, 1967.
GC | |139 Bright galaxies south of +20 degrees.
GC |*|Standard deviation 15 arcsec.
GD | |Glen Deen, private communication.
GD |*|Standard deviation 5-6 arcsec at a guess.
GDC | |[Unknown source]. Position for IC 2373 = UGC 04409.
GGH | |N.A. Grogin, M.J. Geller, and J.P. Huchra. ApJS 119, 277, 1998.
GGH | |Galaxies within 15 degrees of 3C 273, most from CGCG.
GGH |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
GGH |=|1998ApJS..119..277G
GGN | |S. Garcia-Burillo, M. Guelin, and N. Neininger, IRAM preprint No.
GGN | |416, 1996 (to appear in A&A). Kinematic center of NGC 5907 from
GGN | |high-resolution CO(1-0) observations.
GGN |*|Standard deviation on the order of 1 arcsec.
GGN |=|1997A&A...319..450G
GH | |Gallouet and Heidmann (A&A Suppl. 3, 325, 1971). RC1 galaxies, -2deg
GH | |to +26deg.
GH |*|Standard deviation 4-6 arcsec.
GH |=|1971A&AS....3..325G
GHD1 | |Gallouet, Heidmann, and Dampierre (A&A Suppl. 12, 89, 1973). RC1
GHD1 | |galaxies, +26deg to +90deg.
GHD1 |*|Standard deviation 4-6 arcsec.
GHD1 |=|1973A&AS...12...89G
GHD2 | |Gallouet, Heidmann, and Dampierre (A&A Suppl. 19, 1, 1975). RC1
GHD2 | |galaxies, -2deg to -33deg.
GHD2 |*|Standard deviation 4-6 arcsec.
GHD2 |=|1975A&AS...19....1G
GJM | |L.J. Greenhill, D.R. Jiang, J.M. Moran, M.J. Reid, K.-Y. Lo, and
GJM | |M.J. Claussen. ApJ 440, 619, 1995. Water maser in the nucleus of
GJM | |NGC 4258.
GJM |*|Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec.
GJM |=|1995ApJ...440..619G
GMH | |L.J. Greenhill, J.M. Moran, and J.R. Herrnstein. ApJ 481, L23, 1997.
GMH | |VLBA position for the water maser in the nucleus of NGC 4945.
GMH |*|Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec.
GMH |=|1997ApJ...481L..23G
GMKM | |P. Goudfrooij, J. Mack, M. Kissler-Patig, G. Meylan, and D. Minniti.
GMKM | |MNRAS, 322, 643, 2001. Optical position for NGC 1316, "derived from
GMKM | |archival HST/WFPC2 images".
GMKM |*|Standard deviation on the order of 0.3 arcsec at a guess.
GMKM |=|2001MNRAS.322..643G
GMS | |G. M. Searle, micrometric observations in HA 60. Re-reduced when
GMS | |offsets given.
GMS |*|Standard deviation about 2 arcsec at a guess.
GPB | |R.E. Goodson, J.J. Palimaka, and A.H. Bridle. AJ 84, 1111, 1979.
GPB | |Radio sources and a few companions.
GPB |*|Standard deviation about 0.4 arcsec.
GPB |=|1979AJ.....84.1111G
GRP | |L. Gregorini, H.R. de Ruiter, P. Parma, E.M. Sadler, G. Vettolani,
GRP | |and R.D. Ekers. A&AS 106, 1, 1994. Optical positions for "dumbbell"
GRP | |galaxies in rich southern clusters.
GRP |*|Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
GRP |=|1994A&AS..106....1G
GSC | |Guide Star Catalog, V1.1 (Space Telescope Science Institute, 1991).
GSC |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec. The final digits (0.01 sec, 0.1 arcsec
GSC | |are not significant, but are carried for roundoff protection.
GSC |=|Cat. I/254
GSC2 | |Guide Star Catalog, V2.2 (Space Telescope Science Institute, 2001).
GSC2 |*|Standard deviation 0.2-0.3 arcsec for stellar images.
GSC2 |=|Cat. I/271
GSCm | |Mean of "several" objects from Guide Star Catalog, V1.1 (STScI, 1991),
GSCm | |typically for double or multiple stars.
GSCm |*|Standard deviation 2-10 arcsec, depending on separation.
GSCm |=|Cat. I/220
GSCA | |GSC-ACT. Re-reduction of GSC 1.1 by Bill Gray using ACT stars as the
GSCA | |reference frame. Also called GSC "1.3" by CDS.
GSCA |*|Standard deviation about 0.3-0.4 arcsec for stellar objects.
GSCA |=|Cat. I/255
GSCM | |Dan Moaz, et al. 1996ApJS..107..215M. "An Atlas of HST UV Images of
GSCM | |Nearby Galaxies." From GASP images; intensity weighted centroids,
GSCM | |similar to GSC. N = 110
GSCM |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec, though occasional accidental errors due
GSCM | |to distorted isophotes can be up to 5 arcsec.
GSCM |=|1996ApJS..107..215M
GSCT | |D.A. Turnshek, et al. A.J. 99, 1243, 1990. 3 globulars, 2 galaxies,
GSCT | |from the Guide Star Catalog "using the Center of Gravity centroiding
GSCT | |method, mean error 1 arcsec." For stellar objects, yes, but not for
GSCT | |these five "non-stellar" objects.
GSCT |*|Standard deviation 5-10 arcsec.
GSCT |=|1990AJ.....99.1243T
GSWr | |R.D. Gehrz, R.A. Sramek, and D.W. Weedman. ApJ 267, 551, 1983.
GSWr | |6 and 20-cm observations of NGC 3690e and w (incorrectly called NGC
GSWr | |3690 and IC 694), and H-alpha peaks (read from their maps).
GSWr |*|Standard deviation better than 0.3 arcsec for the radio observations,
GSWr | |0.5 for the optical.
GSWr |=|1983ApJ...267..551G
GSWo | |R.D. Gehrz, R.A. Sramek, and D.W. Weedman. ApJ 267, 551, 1983.
GSWo | |6 and 20-cm observations of NGC 3690e and w (incorrectly called NGC
GSWo | |3690 and IC 694), and H-alpha peaks (read from their maps).
GSWo |*|Standard deviation better than 0.3 arcsec for the radio observations,
GSWo | |0.5 for the optical.
GSWo |=|1983ApJ...267..551G
GVW | |G.V. Williams. IAUC 6427. Positions for nuclei of SN parent
GVW | |galaxies.
GVW |*|Standard deviation better than 0.5 arcsec.
GVW |=|1996IAUC.6427R...1W
GYSB | |P. Guhathakurta, B. Yanny, D.P. Schneider, and J.N. Bahcall. AJ 111,
GYSB | |267, 1996. M15
GYSB |*|Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec.
GYSB |=|1996AJ....111..267G
GrV | |G. Grueff and M. Vigotti. A&AS 6, 1, 1972. Positions for B2 radio
GrV | |sources identified with galaxies.
GrV |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
GrV |=|1972A&AS....6....1G
Hart | |E. Hartwig, AN 112, 407, 1885. Five new nebulae found with the
Hart | |18-inch refractor at Strassburg, micrometrically measured.
Hart |*|Standard deviation about 5 arcsec.
Hart |=|1885AN....112..407H
Harv | |Harvard Annals, Vol. 8. Nominal position for NGC 3097, now lost.
Harv |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Hee | |D.S. Heeshan. ApJ 151, L135, 1968. NGC 1052.
Hee |*|Standard deviation around 0.5 arcsec.
Hee |=|1968ApJ...151L.135H
Hu | |Edwin Hubble, Publ. Yerkes Obs. 4, Part II, 1917. Photographic
Hu | |positions, refered to AGK1 stars, precessed.
Hu |*|Standard deviation about 5 arcsec.
HC | |My own measurements with an engineering scale, astrometrically
HC | |reduced, generally on the PSS prints, sometimes from the IIIa-J SSS
HC | |films.
HC |*|Standard deviation about 5 arcsec.
HC2m | |My own measurements using IPAC Skyview with 2MASS J-band images for
HC2m | |galaxy nuclei (intensity-weighted centroids using Skyview's "examine"
HC2m | |command). Most of the nuclei are stellar in the 2MASS frames.
HC2m |*|Standard deviation 0.15 arcsec internal, in both RA and Dec, from
HC2m | |measurements of Tycho-2 stars in the same 2MASS frames.
HCds | |My own measurements using IPAC Skyview with DSS images downloaded from
HCds | |STScI or GSFC's SkyView. Intensity weighted centroids using Skyview
HCds | |"examine" command are given to 0.01 sec and 0.1 sec, positions from
HCds | |"pick" command, or means, are given to 0.1 sec and 1 sec.
HCds |*|Standard deviation 0.8 arcsecond for well-defined images, 2-5 arcsec
HCds | |for large overexposed images. The 0.01 seconds and 0.1 arcsec digits
HCds | |are barely significant, and are carried as roundoff protection.
HCe | |My own measurements for very large diffuse nebulae. Positions are
HCe | |the estimated center of gravity of the image on the PSS, and are
HCe | |adequate for identification.
HCe |*|Standard deviation about 0.1 degree.
HCht | |My own measurements from HST images. Details in Notes for each
HCht | |object.
HCht |*|Standard deviation about 0.1 arcsec, dominated by systematic error.
HChw | |My own measurements in 1970-71 for NGC/IC objects on the Hodge-Wright
HChw | |LMC Atlas charts.
HChw |*|Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
HCm | |Means from several sources, reduced by me.
HCm |*|Standard deviation usually better than 1 arc second, but depends on
HCm | |sources used and centering.
HCo | |My own measurements, offset from GSC stars unless noted, generally on
HCo | |the PSS prints, sometimes on the IIIa-J SSS films.
HCo |*|Standard deviation around 2 arcsec if the GSC star/galaxy is within
HCo | |2 arcmin of the object, around 4-5 arcsec for larger distances.
HCos | |My own measurements, offset from SAO stars, generally on the PSS
HCos | |prints, sometimes on the IIIa-J SSS films. Most are now replaced or
HCos | |rejected.
HCos |*|Standard deviation is around 10-15 arcsec; larger accidental errors
HCos | |are not uncommon.
HCp | |My own measurements using the Edinburgh XY machine, astrometrically
HCp | |reduced w.r.t. SAO stars. Indus Supercluster galaxies.
HCp |*|Standard deviation better than 1 arc second, but subject to
HCp | |systematic errors in the SAO positions.
HCns | |My own measurements using IPAC Skyview with NEAT/SkyMorph images
HCns | |downloaded from GSFC's SkyView. See HCds for more info.
HCns |*|Standard deviation unknown, but under one arcsec.
HCrs | |My own measurements using RealSky images. RealSkyView positions are
HCrs | |given to 0.1 sec and 1 arcsec, Skyview positions to 0.01 sec and 0.1
HCrs | |arcsec. Reference system is AGK3.
HCrs |*|Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsecond for small galaxies, 2-3 arcsec
HCrs | |for larger or brighter ones using RealSkyView. Probably a bit better
HCrs | |for positions from Skyview.
HCsv | |My own measurements using GSFC SkyView with the DSS via WWW.
HCsv |*|Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsecond.
HDW | |E. Hummel, R.-J. Dettmar, and R. Wielebinski. A&A 166, 97, 1986.
HDW | |NGC 55. Center of maximum HI symmetry coincides with blue-light peak
HDW | |(see G. de Vaucouleurs, ApJ 133, 405, 1961).
HDW |*|Standard deviation 5-10 arcsec at a guess.
HDW |=|1986A&A...166...97H
HH | |H. Howe, Monthly Notices series from 1898 to 1900. Visual
HH | |micrometric positions precessed from equinox 1900.0. Standard stars
HH | |and offsets are not given.
HH |*|Standard deviations are around 4-8 arcsec at a guess.
HHD | |E. Hummel, J.M. van der Hulst, and J.M. Dickey. A&AS 134, 207, 1984.
HHD | |VLA 2, 6, and 20-cm observations of 16 galaxies.
HHD |*|Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec.
HHD |=|1984A&A...134..207H
HHKK | |E. Hummel, J.M. van der Hulst, W.C. Keel, and R.C. Kennicutt, Jr.
HHKK | |A&AS, 70, 517, 1987. 1.49 GHz VLA observations of 75 galaxies.
HHKK |*|Standard deviations are better than one arcsec.
HHKK |=|1987A&AS...70..517H
HK | |H. Kobold, Strassburg Annals, 1909. Visual micrometric precessed
HK | |from equinox 1900, or re-reduced taking proper motion into account
HK | |if possible. Noted if not re-reduced.
HK |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
HKA | |P. Hickson, E. Kindl, J.R. Auman, Ap.J.Suppl. 70, 687, 1989.
HKA | |Galaxies in compact groups.
HKA |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
HKA |=|1989ApJS...70..687H
HR | |W. K. Huchtmeier and O.-G. Richter. A General Catalogue of HI
HR | |Observations of Galaxies. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989. Interim
HR | |source; most positions are not original.
HR |*|Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
HR |=|Cat. VIII/68
HSA+ | |C. Hazard, J. Sutton, A.N. Argue, C.M. Kenworthy, L.V. Morrison, and
HSA+ | |C.A. Murray. Nature (Phys. Sci.) 233, 189, 1971. 3C 273.
HSA+ |*|Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec.
HS1 | |H. Schultz. Monograph, AN 1541, AN 1555. Micrometric positions,
HS1 | |re-reduced with modern positions for the reference stars. All
HS1 | |positions here are also in HS2, but the offsets are given here.
HS1 |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
HS2 | |H. Schultz. MNRAS 35, 135, 1875. Micrometric positions, precessed.
HS2 |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
HS2 |=|1875MNRAS..35..135S
HWD | |H.W. Duerbeck, Space Science Reviews 45, 1, 1987. Catalogue of
HWD | |Classical Novae.
HWD |*|Standard deviation unknown, probably depends on original source.
HWD | |Those that I've checked on DSS are within an arcsec.
HWD |=|1987SSRv...45....1D
I1 | |S. Ishikawa, Ann. Tokyo Astron. Obs., 2nd Ser., 21, 437. Virgo
I1 | |Cluster area dwarves.
I1 |*|Standard deviation appears to be about 2 arcsec.
IDB | |R. Garnier, G. Paturel, C. Petit, M.C. Marthinet, and J. Rousseau.
IDB | |"An Image Database." Positions derived from scanned images of POSS1.
IDB |*|Standard deviation appears to be around 5-10 arcsec. Large accidental
IDB | |errors are common, however, and many "galaxies" are actually stars or
IDB | |have stars nearby included in the image.
IPds | |Igor Pesenson. Measurements using IPAC Skyview "pick" command with
IPds | |DSS images clipped from CD-ROM.
IPds |*|Standard deviation 1.2 arcsecond for well-defined images, 2-5 arcsec
IPds | |for larger galaxies.
IR | |Isaac Roberts. IC objects found on his 20-inch reflector plates.
IR |*|Standard deviation varies depending on size of object.
IRAS | |IRAS Point Source or Small-Scale Structure Catalogues. 1987.
IRAS | |I'm replacing these with optical positions.
IRAS |*|Standard deviation about 15 arcsec, but varies widely depending on
IRAS | |number of scans, position on sky, etc.
IRAS |=|Cat. II/125, VII/73
Inn | |R.T.A. Innes, from one of the three lists that involve his
Inn | |observations from Cape Town. About a dozen objects; some micrometric
Inn | |measurements, some circle settings.
Inn |*|Standard deviation varies, depending on observing method.
J | |S. Javelle, from IC. Re-reduced using modern positions for comparison
J | |stars.
J |*|Standard deviation around 4-5 arcsec, but there are occasional
J | |blunders in these lists.
JA | |Jason Adamik, private communication via Glen Deen.
JA |*|Standard deviation 5-6 arcsec at a guess.
JB | |J. G. Bolton, PASP 80, 5, 1968. N = 1 (N1068)
JB |*|Standard deviation around 0.5 arcsec.
JB |=|1968PASP...80....5B
JCR | |J.J. Condon. ApJ 242, 894, 1980. 6-cm and optical positions for
JCR | |compact radio sources and nuclei of bright spirals.
JCR |*|Standard deviations: 1 arcsec (optical), 0.3 arcsec (radio).
JCR |=|1980ApJ...242..894C
JCO | |J.J. Condon. ApJ 242, 894, 1980. 6-cm and optical positions for
JCO | |compact radio sources and nuclei of bright spirals.
JCO |*|Standard deviations: 1 arcsec (optical), 0.3 arcsec (radio).
JCO |=|1980ApJ...242..894C
JFJS | |J.F.J. Schmidt, AN 70, 343, 1868; micrometric observations, precessed.
JFJS |*|Standard deviation 2-4 arcsec at a guess, but there may be systematic
JFJS | |errors, too.
JFJS |=|1868AN.....70..343S
JG | |W. Jaffe and G. Gavazzi, AJ 91, 204, 1986. Coma Supercluster.
JG |*|Standard deviation around 2 arcsec when position is given to 0.01
JG | |seconds and 0.1 arcsec. A few positions are apparently accurate to
JG | |0.1 second and 1 arcsec, and 1 second and 0.1 arcmin; these are
JG | |obviously less accurate. Positions apparently accurate to 0.1 minute
JG | |and 1 arcmin are from CGCG, and were not entered into the position
JG | |files.
JG |=|1986AJ.....91..204J
JGr | |J. Gretchen, priv. comm. via B. A. Skiff. Nuclei of bright galaxies,
JGr | |from multiple short exposure CCD frames with 15-cm reflector
JGr | |(3 arcsec/pixel), reduced wrt GSC 2.2 stars.
JGr |*|Standard deviation 0.2-0.4 arcsec.
JGL | |J. G. Lohse, from NGC. Used only when the object is unrecoverable.
JGL |*|Standard deviation meaningless
JGV | |W. Jaffe, G. Gavazzi, and E. Valentijn, AJ 91, 204, 1986. Groups in
JGV | |the Coma Supercluster.
JGV |*|Standard deviation around 2 arcsec.
JH | |John Herschel's positions, adopted for large diffuse nebulae or open
JH | |clusters when accurate enough. Also used as nominal positions for
JH | |objects not found.
JH |*|Standard deviation 20-30 arcsec.
JHS | |J. H. Safford, from NGC. Used only for NGC 2198: the object is
JHS | |unrecoverable.
JHS |*|Standard deviation meaningless
JJ | |J. E. Jones and B. T. Jones, MNRAS 191, 685, 1980. Fornax Cluster.
JJ |*|Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
JJ |=|1980MNRAS.191..685J
JK | |James Keeler, Lick Obs. Publ. 8, 1908. Measured on Lick Obs.
JK | |36-inch reflector plates.
JK |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec, may have systematic errors depending
JK | |on the (unspecified) reference star system -- but doesn't look like
JK | |it.
JK |=|1908PLicO...8....1K
JMcA | |P.A. Jones and W.B. McAdam. ApJS 80, 137, 1992. Optical positons for
JMcA | |southern radio sources.
JMcA |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
JMcA |=|1992ApJS...80..137J
JPa | |J. Palisa, AN 3235 (and others to come as needed). Micrometric
JPa | |discovery observations for nebulae, re-reduced wrt modern positions.
JPa |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec at a guess.
JS | |J.F.J. Schmidt, AN 2097, 1876; Fornax Cluster.
JS |*|Standard deviation 10 arcsec at a guess, but there are several obvious
JS | |typos here (corrected when found).
JSMo | |D.L. Jauncey, A. Savage, D.D. Morabito, R.A. Preston, G.D. Nicolson,
JSMo | |and A.K. Tzioumis. AJ 98, 54, 1989. Optical positions for a few
JSMo | |radio sources with NGC identifications.
JSMo |*|Standard deviation probably around one arcsec for optical positions,
JSMo | |and around 0.3 arcsec for radio positions.
JSMo |=|1989AJ.....98...54J
JSMr | |D.L. Jauncey, A. Savage, D.D. Morabito, R.A. Preston, G.D. Nicolson,
JSMr | |and A.K. Tzioumis. AJ 98, 54, 1989. Optical positions for a few
JSMr | |radio sources with NGC identifications.
JSMr |*|Standard deviation probably around one arcsec for optical positions,
JSMr | |and around 0.3 arcsec for radio positions.
JSMr |=|1989AJ.....98...54J
JT | |Juan Thome, Cordoba Durchmusterung. Positions for a few IC objects.
JT |*|Standard deviation 30 arcsec at a guess.
K01 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K01 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K01 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K01 | |references:
K01 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K01 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K01 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K01 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K01 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K01 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K01 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K01 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K01 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K01 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K01 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K01 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K01 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K01 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K01 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K01 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K01 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K01 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K01 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K01 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K01 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K01 |=|1984AnTok..192.595T
K02 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K02 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K02 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K02 | |references:
K02 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K02 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K02 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K02 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K02 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K02 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K02 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K02 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K02 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K02 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K02 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K02 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K02 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K02 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K02 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K02 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K02 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K02 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K02 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K02 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K02 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K02 |=|1985AnTok..202.237T
K03 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K03 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K03 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K03 | |references:
K03 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K03 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K03 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K03 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K03 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K03 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K03 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K03 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K03 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K03 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K03 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K03 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K03 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K03 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K03 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K03 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K03 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K03 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K03 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K03 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K03 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K03 |=|1985AnTok..202.335T
K04 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K04 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K04 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K04 | |references:
K04 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K04 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K04 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K04 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K04 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K04 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K04 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K04 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K04 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K04 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K04 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K04 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K04 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K04 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K04 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K04 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K04 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K04 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K04 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K04 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K04 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K04 |=|1986AnTok..212.127T
K05 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K05 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K05 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K05 | |references:
K05 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K05 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K05 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K05 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K05 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K05 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K05 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K05 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K05 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K05 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K05 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K05 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K05 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K05 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K05 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K05 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K05 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K05 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K05 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K05 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K05 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K05 |=|1986AnTok..212.181T
K06 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K06 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K06 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K06 | |references:
K06 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K06 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K06 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K06 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K06 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K06 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K06 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K06 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K06 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K06 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K06 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K06 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K06 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K06 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K06 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K06 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K06 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K06 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K06 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K06 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K06 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K06 |=|1987AnTok..212.251T
K07 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K07 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K07 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K07 | |references:
K07 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K07 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K07 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K07 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K07 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K07 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K07 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K07 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K07 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K07 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K07 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K07 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K07 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K07 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K07 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K07 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K07 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K07 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K07 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K07 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K07 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K07 |=|1987AnTok..212.363T
K08 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K08 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K08 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K08 | |references:
K08 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K08 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K08 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K08 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K08 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K08 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K08 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K08 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K08 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K08 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K08 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K08 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K08 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K08 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K08 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K08 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K08 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K08 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K08 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K08 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K08 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K08 |=|1988AnTok..222..41T
K09 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K09 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K09 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K09 | |references:
K09 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K09 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K09 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K09 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K09 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K09 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K09 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K09 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K09 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K09 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K09 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K09 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K09 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K09 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K09 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K09 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K09 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K09 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K09 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K09 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K09 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K09 |=|1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K10 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K10 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K10 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K10 | |references:
K10 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K10 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K10 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K10 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K10 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K10 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K10 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K10 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K10 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K10 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K10 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K10 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K10 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K10 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K10 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K10 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K10 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K10 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K10 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K10 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K10 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K10 |=|1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K10a | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K10a | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K10a | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K10a | |references:
K10a | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K10a | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K10a | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K10a | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K10a | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K10a | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K10a | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K10a | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K10a | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K10a | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K10a | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K10a | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K10a | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K10a | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K10a | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K10a | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K10a | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K10a | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K10a |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K10a | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K10a | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K10a |=|1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K11 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K11 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K11 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K11 | |references:
K11 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K11 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K11 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K11 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K11 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K11 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K11 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K11 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K11 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K11 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K11 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K11 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K11 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K11 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K11 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K11 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K11 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K11 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K11 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K11 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K11 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K11 |=|1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K12 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K12 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K12 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K12 | |references:
K12 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K12 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K12 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K12 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K12 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K12 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K12 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K12 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K12 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K12 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K12 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K12 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K12 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K12 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K12 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K12 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K12 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K12 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K12 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K12 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K12 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K12 |=|1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K13 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K13 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K13 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K13 | |references:
K13 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K13 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K13 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K13 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K13 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K13 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K13 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K13 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K13 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K13 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K13 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K13 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K13 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K13 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K13 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K13 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K13 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K13 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K13 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K13 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K13 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K13 |=|1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K14 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K14 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K14 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K14 | |references:
K14 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K14 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K14 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K14 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K14 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K14 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K14 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K14 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K14 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K14 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K14 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K14 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K14 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K14 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K14 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K14 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K14 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K14 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K14 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K14 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K14 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K14 |=|1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K15 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K15 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K15 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K15 | |references:
K15 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K15 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K15 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K15 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K15 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K15 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K15 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K15 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K15 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K15 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K15 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K15 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K15 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K15 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K15 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K15 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K15 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K15 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K15 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K15 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K15 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K15 |=|1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K16 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K16 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K16 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K16 | |references:
K16 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K16 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K16 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K16 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K16 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K16 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K16 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K16 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K16 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K16 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K16 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K16 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K16 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K16 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K16 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K16 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K16 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K16 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K16 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K16 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K16 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K16 |=|1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K17 | |n = 1,17. Kiso Ultraviolet Galaxy, list nn. Complete list in
K17 | |B. Takase and N. Miyauchi-Isobe, Publ. Natl. Astron. Obs. Japan, 3,
K17 | |169, 1993. Positions for pairs not used. Here are the individual
K17 | |references:
K17 | |K01 1984AnTok..192.595T
K17 | |K02 1985AnTok..202.237T
K17 | |K03 1985AnTok..202.335T
K17 | |K04 1986AnTok..212.127T
K17 | |K05 1986AnTok..212.181T
K17 | |K06 1987AnTok..212.251T
K17 | |K07 1987AnTok..212.363T
K17 | |K08 1988AnTok..222..41T
K17 | |K09 1989PNAOJ...1...11T
K17 | |K10 1989PNAOJ...1...97T
K17 | |K11 1990PNAOJ...1..181T
K17 | |K12 1991PNAOJ...2....7T
K17 | |K13 1991PNAOJ...2...37T
K17 | |K14 1991PNAOJ...2..239T
K17 | |K15 1992PNAOJ...2..399T
K17 | |K16 1992PNAOJ...2..573T
K17 | |K17 1993PNAOJ...3...21T
K17 | |K10a 1997PNAOJ...4..153M
K17 |*|Standard deviation claimed to be 0.5 arcsec for stars; it is 1 arcsec
K17 | |for the smaller galaxies, and will be worse for the larger ones,
K17 | |probably on the order of 2 - 3 arcsec.
K17 |=|1993PNAOJ...3...21T
Ka83 | |J.D. Kaler. ApJ 271, 188, 1983. Positions for planetary nebulae,
Ka83 | |brought in by B.A. Skiff.
Ka83 |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
Ka83 |=|1983ApJ...271..188K
Ko+ | |G. Kojoian and colleagues, VV galaxies, unpublished.
Ko+ |*|Standard deviation varies from 2 arcsec to more than 20 arcsec
Ko+ | |depending on size of galaxy.
KAR | |P.C. van der Kruit, R.J. Allen, A.H. Rots. A&A 55, 421, 1977.
KAR | |Optical position for NGC 6946.
KAR |=|1977A&A....55..421V
KCA | |G. Kojoian, P.A. Chute, C.A. Aumann. AJ 89, 332, 1984.
KCA | |Markarian 1400-1500.
KCA |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
KCA |=|1984AJ.....89..332K
KD | |King, I.R. et al. 1993, ApJ, in press (reported in DM, which see).
KD | |Globulars.
KD |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
KEBA | |G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, M. Bicay, and M. Arakelian, AJ 86, 820, 1981.
KEBA | |Arakelian galaxies. N = 203.
KEBA |*|Standard deviation "about 1.5 arcsec," but large accidental errors are
KEBA | |relatively common (perhaps up to 5% of the list).
KEBA |=|1981AJ.....86..820K
KEB1 | |G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, and M.D. Bicay. Astron. J. 86, 816, 1981.
KEB1 | |Markarian 1096-1302.
KEB1 |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
KEB1 |=|1981AJ.....86..816K
KEB2 | |G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, and M.D. Bicay. Astron. J. 87, 1364, 1982.
KEB2 | |Markarian 1303-1399.
KEB2 |*|Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
KEB2 |=|1982AJ.....87.1364K
KET1 | |G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, and H.M. Tovmassian. Astron. J. 83, 1545,
KET1 | |1978. Markarian 508-700.
KET1 |*|Standard deviation about 5 arcsec.
KET1 |=|1978AJ.....83.1545K
KET2 | |G. Kojoian, R. Elliott, and H.M. Tovmassian. Astron. J. 86, 811,
KET2 | |1981. Markarian 798-1095.
KET2 |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
KGo | |P. Kilmartin and A. Gilmore, IAUC 5951, 1994. Offsets (9"w, 7"n; see
KGo | |Treffers etal. IAUC 5946) from SN 1994D in NGC 4526 for nucleus. SN
KGo | |pos is 12 31 29.92 +07 58 36.5 +-0.3 arcsec.
KGo |*|Standard deviation about one arcsec; depends mostly on offset.
KHJ | |Arnold R. Klemola, Robert B. Hanson, and Burton F. Jones. AJ, 94,
KHJ | |501, 1987.
KHJ | |Lick Northern Proper Motion Program: NPM1 Reference Galaxies. N =
KHJ | |50,517. Mostly faint (B > 16) galaxies, but many brighter, serving
KHJ | |as reference sources for the Lick Proper Motion survey. About 1900
KHJ | |NGC and IC galaxies included.
KHJ |*|Standard deviation 0.2 - 0.3 arcsec.
KHJ |=|1987AJ.....94..501K
KHo | |W.C. Keel and E. Hummel. A&A 194, 90, 1988. Optical and 6-cm
KHo | |positions for NGC 2655.
KHo |*|Standard deviation close to 1 arcsec.
KHo |=|1988A&A...194...90K
KHr | |W.C. Keel and E. Hummel. A&A 194, 90, 1988. Optical and 6-cm
KHr | |positions for NGC 2655.
KHr |*|Standard deviation close to 1 arcsec.
KHr |=|1988A&A...194...90K
KK | |V.E. Karachentseva and I.D. Karachentsev. A&AS 127, 409, 1998.
KK | |A list of new nearby dwarf galaxy candidates.
KK |*|Standard deviation around 5-10 arcsec at a guess.
KK |=|1998A&AS..127..409K
KKP | |I. Karachentsev, V. Karachentseva, S. Parnovsky. Flat Galaxy
KKP | |Catalogue, AN 314, 97, 1993 (revised version with better positions
KKP | |published in 1999; see NED for the full reference).
KKP |*|Standard deviation around 15 arcsec, but frequent larger blunders.
KKP |=|Cat. VII/162
KLS1 | |n = 1,i. R. Kirshner, B. Leibundgut, and C. Smith, IAU Circular No.
KLS1 | |4900, 4982, 1989-90. Two (so far) galaxies with supernovae.
KLS1 |*|Standard deviation "better than 2 arcsec."
KLS1 |=|1989IAUC.4900....1K
KLS2 | |n = 1,i. R. Kirshner, B. Leibundgut, and C. Smith, IAU Circular No.
KLS2 | |4900, 4982, 1989-90. Two (so far) galaxies with supernovae.
KLS2 |*|Standard deviation "better than 2 arcsec."
KLS2 |=|1990IAUC.4982....1M
KMHK | |M. Kontizas, D.H. Morgan, D. Hatzidimitriou, and E. Kontizas. A&AS,
KMHK | |84, 527, 1990. Clusters in LMC. "KMHK" is used for positions from
KMHK | |the original paper. "KMHA" is used when brought in from Archinal and
KMHK | |Hynes (AH, which see).
KMHK |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
KMHK |=|1990A&AS...84..527K
KMHA | |M. Kontizas, D.H. Morgan, D. Hatzidimitriou, and E. Kontizas. A&AS,
KMHA | |84, 527, 1990. Clusters in LMC. "KMHK" is used for positions from
KMHA | |the original paper. "KMHA" is used when brought in from Archinal and
KMHA | |Hynes (AH, which see).
KMHA |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
KMHA |=|1990A&AS...84..527K
KOS | |R. Kirshner, A. Oemler, and P. Schechter. A.J. 83, 1549, 1978.
KOS | |Galaxies in 8 high-latitude fields.
KOS |*|Standard deviation about 6-8 arcseconds at a guess.
KOS |=|1978AJ.....83.1549K
KP | |J. Koornneef and S.R. Pottasch. A&A 335 277, 1998. Position for
KP | |the central star of NGC 650/651.
KP |*|Standard deviation 0.005 arcsec internal, about 0.2 external.
KP |=|1998A&A...335..277K
KR | |K. Reinmuth, reported by B. Skiff for PNe.
KR |*|Standard deviation around 1 arcsec
KRL | |L. Kohoutek, M.L. Roth-Hoeppner, and S. Laustsen. A&A 162, 232, 1986.
KRL | |Position for the central star of NGC 2818.
KRL |*|Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec internal, 1 arcsec external.
KRL |=|1986A&A...162..232K
KSG | |R.A. Knop, B.T. Soifer, J.R. Graham, K. Matthews, D.B. Sanders, and
KSG | |N.Z. Scoville. AJ, 107, 920, 1994. VV 114 = IC 1623, 3 components,
KSG | |optical peaks from CCD maps.
KSG |*|Standard deviation around one arcsec.
KSG |=|1994AJ....107..920K
LdR | |Lord Rosse (prepared for publication by J.L.E. Dreyer).
LdR | |"Observations ...", Sci. Trans. Dublin Roy. Soc., Vol. II, (Ser. II),
LdR | |1880.
LdR |*|Standard deviation varies from a few arcsec for micrometrically-
LdR | |measured objects to a few arcmin for those roughly estimated on a
LdR | |single night.
LdRo | |Lord Rosse (see above) offset, referred to object as noted.
LdRo |*|Standard deviation depends on accuracy of reference object. Lord
LdRo | |Rosse's and his assistants' measurements are usually good to 3-4
LdRo | |arcsec, but larger errors occasionally exist.
Le1 | |F. P. Leavenworth, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887
Le1 | |Faint nebulae found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
Le1 | |McCormick Observatory. Adopted only when the object cannot be
Le1 | |identified.
Le1 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Le2 | |F. P. Leavenworth, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887
Le2 | |Faint nebulae found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
Le2 | |McCormick Observatory. Adopted only when the object cannot be
Le2 | |identified.
Le2 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Lo1 | |W. Lorenz, Strassburg Annals, micrometric observations.
Lo1 |*|Standard deviation 3-4 arcsec at a guess.
Lo2 | |W. Lorenz, Publ. Astrophys. Obs. Konigstuhl-Heidelberg 6, 19, 1911;
Lo2 | |photographic astrometry for about 180 bright nebulae.
Lo2 |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec at a guess.
Lo2 |=|1911VeHei...6...19L
LB | |R. Love (Nature(PS), 235, 53, 1972) and Bottinelli et al (A&A 12, 264,
LB | |1971). N = 1 (Maffei 2).
LB |*|Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
LB |=|1971A&A....12..264B
LCRS | |S. Shectman, et al. ApJ 470, 172, 1996. Las Campanas Redshift
LCRS | |Survey.
LCRS |*|Standard deviation around 3 arcsec, including systematic errors within
LCRS | |individual scans.
LCRS |=|Cat. VII/203
LEDA | |Accurate positions for MCG galaxies from the Lyon Extragalactic
LEDA | |Database maintained by G. Paturel, C. Petit, and colleagues. Many of
LEDA | |these are from other sources quoted here, but many are new
LEDA | |measurements on DSS images. Most of the problems with PGC are
LEDA | |cleaned up here.
LEDA |*|Standard deviation is heterogeneous, but is typically a few
LEDA | |arcseconds, exclusive of misidentifications.
LEDA |=|http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr/
LGDC | |J.-F. Le Campion, M. Geffert, M.R. Dulou, and J. Colin. A&AS 95,
LGDC | |233, 1992. Accurate position for NGC 7094, brought in by B.A. Skiff.
LGDC |*|Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec at a guess.
LGDC |=|1992A&AS...95..233L
LHH | |P.O. Lindblad, et al. A&AS 120, 403, 1996. NGC 1365.
LHH |*|Standard deviation around 0.5 arcsec.
LHH |=|1996A&AS..120..403L
LJG | |L.J. Greenhill, reported in D.A. Smith and A.S. Wilson. ApJ, 557,
LJG | |180, 2001. Radio position for the Circinus galaxy.
LJG |*|Standard deviation = 0.1 arcsec.
LJG |=|2001ApJ...557..180S
LK | |L. Kohoutek, positions for planetaries, reported by B.A. Skiff.
LK |*|Standard deviation around 1 arcsec
LMc | |Micrometric positions from two or more Leander McCormick observers:
LMc | |Ormond Stone, Frank Muller, Frank Leavenworth.
Mal | |M. Malkan, et al. ApJ 237, 432, 1980. UKS 1 (globular).
Mal |*|Standard deviation unknown, probably better than an arcmin.
Mal |=|1980ApJ...237..432M
Mar | |A. Marth. Nebulae found with Laselle's 48-inch reflector at Malta.
Mar | |Positions used only when the nebula is not found by me.
Mar |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Mark | |E.J. Cooper, "A Catalogue of Stars Near the Ecliptic ...", Vol. 4,
Mark | |p. 183 (quoted by Auwers in his appendix of new nebulae attached to
Mark | |his reduction of WH's catalogue), Dublin, 1856. Nominal position for
Mark | |NGC 7447, which is lost.
Mark |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
McB | |M. L. McCall and R. J. Buta, AJ 109, 2460, 1995. Maffei 1 and two
McB | |companions.
McB |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
McB |=|1995AJ....109.2460M
McN | |R. H. McNaught, University of Adelaide, Uppsala Schmidt plates or UK
McN | |Schmidt plates for SNe parent galaxies. From IAU Circulars Nos. 4726,
McN | |5071, 5077, 5132, 5334, 5428.
McN |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
Min | |R. Minkowski, AJ 66, 558, 1961. Positions for 19 galaxies in A2199;
Min | |offsets from NGC 6166 reduced using GSC position. MCG picked up them
Min | |all from this paper.
Min |*|Standard deviation 5 arcsec.
Min |=|1961AJ.....66..558M
Mo | |C. Monnichmeyer, Publ. Bonn Obs. No. 1, 1895; micrometric
Mo | |observations, re-reduced using modern positions.
Mo |*|Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
Mu1 | |Frank Muller, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887
Mu1 | |Faint nebulae found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
Mu1 | |McCormick Observatory. Adopted only when the object cannot be
Mu1 | |identified.
Mu1 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Mu2 | |Frank Muller, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887
Mu2 | |Faint nebulae found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander
Mu2 | |McCormick Observatory. Adopted only when the object cannot be
Mu2 | |identified.
Mu2 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
MAPS | |See R.L. Pennington, R.M. Humphreys, S.C. Odewahn, W. Zumach, and
MAPS | |P.M. Thurmes, PASP 105, 521, 1993. Minnesota Automated Plate Scanner.
MAPS |*|Standard deviation about 0.8 arcsec for small images.
MB | |M.D. Bicay, thesis, 1988. (NED refcode is 1988StanU.T00M....B)
MB |*|Standard deviation 10 arcsec.
MB |=|1988StanU.T00M....B
MCG | |Morphological Galaxy Catalogue, B.A. Vorontsov-Velyaminov and
MCG | |colleagues. Used only for missing objects or (primarily) defects on
MCG | |the POSS1 prints.
MCG |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcmin for defects.
MCG |=|Cat. VII/62, VII/100
MFG | |G. Marconi, P. Focardi, L. Greggio, Ap. J. 360, L39, 1990. One
MFG | |incorrect measurement for DDO 210, rejected.
MFG |*|Standard deviation meaningless
MFSK | |N. Metcalfe, R. Fong, T. Shanks, and D. Kilkenny. MNRAS 236, 207,
MFSK | |1989. Nine UKST fields to B_J ~16.8. Previously catalogued galaxies
MFSK | |included.
MFSK |*|Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
MFSK |=|1989MNRAS.236..207M
MGGP | |R.P. van der Marel, J. Gerssen, P. Guhathakurta, R.C. Peterson, K.
MGGP | |Gebhardt. AJ, Dec 2002. M15.
MGGP |*|Standard deviation 0.2-0.3 arcsec.
MGGP |=|2002AJ....124.3270G
MJC | |M.J. Cameron. CSUAC No. 219, October 1970. 121 galaxies with Dec <
MJC | |+20 deg and mpg < 12.5.
MJC |*|Standard deviation 10 arcsec.
MW | |Max Wolf. Positions from various AN articles for "nebulae" not
MW | |found on DSS images or POSS1/SERC prints/films. These objects are
MW | |probably defects on the early Heidelberg plates.
MW |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
MW08 | |Max Wolf, AN 4207, 1908. IC 4895 discovery position.
MW08 |*|Standard deviation 1 arcmin at a guess.
MW08 |=|1908AN....176..109W
MW1 | |Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 1, Publ. Astrophys. Obs.
MW1 | |Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, 1, 11, 1902. Precessed from 1875. (N.B.
MW1 | |for List 2, see Schwassmann, source Sn.) The positions from this
MW1 | |series were keyed by Evelyn Deen, and proofread by Glen and Evelyn
MW1 | |Deen. When an object from this series has been verified on a print
MW1 | |of the original plate, the comments column has the type from the POSS1
MW1 | |followed by the comment "(verified)".
MW1 |*|Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW3 | |Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 3, Publ. Astrophys. Obs.
MW3 | |Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, 1, 125, 1902. Measured on 16" Bruce refractor
MW3 | |plates. Precessed from 1875. Coma Cluster.
MW3 |*|Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW4 | |Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 4, Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW4 | |Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 2, 57, 1906. Precessed from 1875.
MW4 |*|Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW5 | |Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 5. Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW5 | |Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 2, 77, 1906. Precessed from 1875. Most are
MW5 | |in IC2. There are many plate defects and faint stars, double stars,
MW5 | |etc in these lists, but the true nebulae have good positions.
MW5 |*|Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW6 | |Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 6. Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW6 | |Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 2, 89, 1906. Precessed from 1875.
MW6 |*|Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW7 | |Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 7. Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW7 | |Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 3, 77, 1909. Precessed from 1875.
MW7 |*|Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW8 | |Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 8. Publ. Astrophys. Inst.
MW8 | |Konigstuhl-Heidelberg, 3, 87, 1909. Precessed from 1875.
MW8 |*|Standard deviation 3-5 arcsec.
MW16 | |Max Wolf, Konigstuhl Nebulae, List 16. Veroff. ... Heidelberg, 8,
MW16 | |No. 11, p. 18, 1928. Precessed from 1900.
MW16 |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec.
MW16 |=|1928VeHei...8...18W
MW17 | |Max Wolf, AN 205, 79, 1917. Photographic position for NGC 6946,
MW17 | |precessed from equinox 1917.0.
MW17 |*|Standard deviation probably around 1 arcsec.
NH | |S.G. Neff and J.B. Hutchings. AJ 103, 1746, 1992. 6- and 20-cm
NH | |positions for IRAS galaxies.
NH |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec.
NH |=|1992AJ....103.1746N
NGC | |J.L.E. Dreyer. NGC. MemRAS 49, 1, 1888.
NGC |=|1888MmRAS..49....1D
NMP | |N.M. Parrish. Observations of nebulae, re-reduced wrt modern star
NMP | |positions, quoted in Ormond Stone, "Southern Nebulae", Publ. Leander
NMP | |McCormick Obs, Vol. 1, p. 173, 1893. RA's determined by clock, Dec's
NMP | |by micrometer.
NMP |*|Standard deviation, a few arcsec.
OSt | |Ormond Stone, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887. Faint nebulae
OSt | |found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.
OSt | |Adopted only when the object cannot be identified.
OSt |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
OSt1 | |Ormond Stone, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887. Faint nebulae
OSt1 | |found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.
OSt1 | |Adopted only when the object cannot be identified.
OSt1 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
OSt2 | |Ormond Stone, in AJ 7, 9, 1886 and AJ 7, 57, 1887. Faint nebulae
OSt2 | |found with the 26-inch refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory.
OSt2 | |Adopted only when the object cannot be identified.
OSt2 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
OCW | |O. C. Wendell, Harvard Circular 42, 1899. Micrometric position for
OCW | |IC 4816 = Nova Sgr 1898. This is the discovery position.
OCW |*|Standard deviation probably a few arcsec.
OCW |=|1899HarCi..42....1W
Pds | |G. Paturel, C. Petit, Ph. Prugniel, and R. Garnier. A&AS 140, 89,
Pds | |1999. DSS positions for miscellaneous galaxies. n = 17335.
Pds | |Identifications for many galaxies -- especially the zwicky compacts --
Pds | |are suspect and need to be checked.
Pds |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsecond for well-defined images, 2-5 arcsec
Pds | |for larger galaxies.
Pds |=|1999A&AS..140...89P
Pds2 | |G. Paturel, et al. A&AS 144, 475, 2000. See Pds above.
Pds2 |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsecond for well-defined images, 2-5 arcsec
Pds2 | |for larger galaxies.
Pds2 |=|2000A&AS..144..475P
Pe | |Peters, Copernicus, micrometric observations. Precessed.
Pe |*|Standard deviation probably around 3-5 arcsec at a guess.
Pec | |Pechule, various articles, primarily in AN. See IC1/2 for a list.
Pec |*|Standard deviation 2 arcsec at a guess.
Pick | |E.J. Pickering, AN 105, 335, 1883. Nominal position for NGC 6766;
Pick | |claimed to be an emission-line nebula, but no planetaries nearby.
Pick |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Pick |=|1883AN....105..335P
Pls | |J. Palisa, AN 116, 337, 1887. Micrometric positions for a few NGC/IC
Pls | |objects, precessed.
Pls |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec at a guess.
Pls |=|1887AN....116..337W
Po | |Porter, Cinncinati Obs., micrometric observations re-reduced.
Po |*|Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsec.
Pr | |D. Proust, Meudon Observatory, IAU Circular No. 5134.
Pr |*|Standard deviation probably 1-2 arcsec.
Pr |=|1990IAUC.5134....1P
PA | |C. Pollas and D. Albanese, IAU Circular No. 5040. NGC 5917.
PA |*|Standard deviation probably 1-2 arcsec.
PA |=|1990IAUC.5040....1P
PC | |L. Padrielli and R.G. Conway. A&AS 27, 171, 1977. 4C sources
PC | |identified with galaxies.
PC |*|Standard deviation 0.8 arcsec.
PC |=|1977A&AS...27..171P
PCR | |P. Parma, R.A. Cameron, and H.R. de Ruiter. AJ 102, 1960, 1991.
PCR | |Optical positions for "dumbbell" galaxies which are radio sources.
PCR |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
PCR |=|1991AJ....102.1960P
PEES | |B.A. Peterson et al. MNRAS 221, 233, 1986. Optical positions from
PEES | |Southern Sky Survey IIIa-J plates.
PEES |*|Standard deviation "better than 1 arcsec."
PEES |=|1986MNRAS.221..233P
PKe | |P. Kempf. (Publ. Astrophys. Obs. Potsdam, No. 29, 1892). Micrometric
PKe | |measures, precessed, not re-reduced unless noted.
PKe |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec at a guess.
PK67 | |L. Perek and L. Kohoutek. Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae,
PK67 | |1967. Positions brought in by B.A. Skiff.
PK67 |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
PK67 |=|1967PK....C......1P
PL | |M. Postman and T. Lauer. ApJ 440, 28, 1995. Positions from DSS for
PL | |brightest galaxies in Abell clusters. Precessed from J2000.0.
PL |*|Standard deviation 1.0 arcsec.
PL |=|1995ApJ...440...28P
PPAO | |S. Piatek, C. Pryor, T.E. Armandroff, and E.W. Olszewski. AJ 123,
PPAO | |2511, 2002. Draco Dwarf. Center of isopleths from star counts.
PPAO |*|Standard deviation "about 0.1 arcminutes".
PPAO |=|2002AJ....123.2511P
PPM | |Positions and Proper Motions (S. Roeser and U. Bastian, Heidelberg,
PPM | |1991). M31, M32, M92, N2261, N6543. And a few others.
PPM |*|Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
PPM |=|Cat. I/146, I/193
QFW | |H. Quintana, P. Fouque, and M.J. Way. A&A 283, 722, 1994. Optical
QFW | |positions for the NGC 1400/1407 Group, measured on ESO Quick B survey
QFW | |copy plate.
QFW |*|Standard deviation 1.5 arcsec.
QFW |=|1994A&A...283..722Q
R | |Rumker, AN 63, 305, 1864, etc. Micrometric observations, re-reduced
R | |with modern positions for the reference stars.
R |*|Standard deviation probably 2-3 arcsec.
Rup | |M.P. Rupen, AJ 102, 48, 1991. Neutral hydrogen mapping of NGC 891
Rup | |and NGC 4565.
Rup |*|Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsec.
Rup |=|1991AJ....102...48R
R16 | |Karl Reinmuth, Konigstuhl plates, 1916. Precessed from equinox 1900.
R16 |*|Standard deviation probably 2-3 arcsec.
R20 | |Karl Reinmuth, Konigstuhl plates, 1920. Precessed from equinox 1900.
R20 |*|Standard deviation probably 2-3 arcsec.
R27 | |Karl Reinmuth 1927 list of Virgo Cluster galaxies.
R27 |*|Standard deviation about 1 arcsec, but there may be systematic errors
R27 | |depending on reference star system.
R28 | |Karl Reinmuth, Veroff. ... Heidelberg 8, 133, 1928. Precessed from
R28 | |equinox 1900.0.
R28 |*|Standard deviation around 1 arcsec at a guess. See previous.
R29 | |Karl Reinmuth, Veroff. ... Heidelberg 8, 167, 1929. Precessed from
R29 | |equinox 1900.0.
R29 |*|Standard deviation around 1 arcsec at a guess. See previous.
R32 | |Karl Reinmuth, Veroff. ... Heidelberg 8, 192, 1932. Precessed from
R32 | |equinox 1900.0.
R32 |*|Standard deviation around 1 arcsec at a guess. See previous.
RC | |Ralph Copeland, quoted in NGC for NGC 295, not found.
RC |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
RC2 | |Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al.
RC2 | |1976), primarily from GH, GHD1,2 (see above), Cameron, Glanfield and
RC2 | |Cameron (bright southern galaxies, all replaced by ESO), Sandage's
RC2 | |southern lists, and my own measurements (source HC, above). These are
RC2 | |being replaced as I identify the original sources.
RC2 |*|Standard deviation runs from 5 arcsec to 20 arcsec.
RC2 |=|Cat. VII/112
RC3 | |Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al.
RC3 | |1991). Not used as a source of positions.
RC3 |*|Standard deviation varies between 1 arcsec and 20 arcsec.
RC3 |=|Cat. VII/155
RD | |D. Reynaud and D. Downes, A&A 319, 737, 1997.
RD | |Dynamical center of NGC 1530 from high-resolution CO(1-0)
RD | |observations.
RD |*|Standard deviation on the order of 1 arcsec.
RD |=|1997A&A...319..737R
REds | |R. Erdmann, DSS for NGC/IC objects. Precessed from J2000.0.
REds |*|Standard deviation on the order of 1 arcsec.
RG | |R.F. Griffin, AJ 68, 421, 1963. Galaxies in the fields of 3C sources.
RG |*|Standard deviation 0.3 arcsec.
RG |=|1963AJ.....68..421G
RGMH | |R. Giovanelli, M. Haynes, and colleagues; various papers.
RGMH |*|Standard deviation about 6 arcsec.
RGO | |Royal Greenwich Observatory, (Dreyer?), MNRAS 71, 509, 1911.
RGO | |Photographic positions for far northern galaxies poorly observed by
RGO | |the Herschels, precessed from equinox 1900.0.
RGO |*|Standard deviation about 1 arcsec at a guess, though there could be
RGO | |systematic offsets depending on reference system.
RGO |=|1911MNRAS..71..509.
RH | |O.-G. Richter, W.K. Huchtmeier, and colleagues. Optical positions for
RH | |galaxies in their HI Catalogue and/or various papers.
RH |*|Standard deviation 8-10 arcsec.
RL | |G.H. Rieke and F.J. Low. ApJ 176, L95, 1972. 10-um position for
RL | |nucleus of NGC 253.
RL |*|Standard deviation around 1 arcsec.
RL |=|1972ApJ...176L..95R
RLT | |G.H. Rieke, M.J. Lebofksy, R.I. Thompson, F.J. Low, and A.T. Tokunaga.
RLT | |ApJ 238, 24, 1980. 2.2-um position for M82, "about 3 arcsec off the
RLT | |visual peak."
RLT |*|Standard deviation 1.5 arcsec.
RLT |=|1980ApJ...238...24R
RSA | |Allan Sandage and Gustav A. Tammann. The Revised Shapley-Ames
RSA | |Catalogue ..., Carnegie Publication #635, second edition, 1987.
RSA |*|Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
RSA |=|Cat. VII/51
RWH | |R.W. Hunstead. MNRAS 152, 277, 1971. Optical positions for radio
RWH | |point sources. Four bright galaxies (plus fainter not entered).
RWH |*|Standard deviation 0.4 arcsec.
RWH |=|1971MNRAS.152..277H
RTBB | |H.J.A. Rottgering, Y. Tang, M.A.R. Bremer, A.G. de Bruyn, G.K. Miley,
RTBB | |R.B. Rengelink, M.N. Bremer. MNRAS 282, 1033, 1996. 325 MHz position
RTBB | |for Markarian 1498 = WN 1626+5153.
RTBB |*|Standard deviation 4 arcsec.
RTBB |=|1996MNRAS.282.1033R
Sf | |Schoenfeld, micrometric observations, inferred from other lists until
Sf | |I can find a copy of his papers.
Sf |*|Standard deviation looks to be around 3 arcsec.
Sn | |Schwassmann, A. Publ. Astrophys. Obs. Konigstuhl-Heidelberg 1, 17,
Sn | |1902. Precessed from equinox 1900.0. Virgo Cluster area.
Sn |*|Standard deviation about 3-5 arcsec.
Spt | |R. Spitaler, various publications referenced in NGC and IC.
Spt | |Micrometric positions re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc.
Spt |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
St1 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St1 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St1 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St1 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St1 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St1 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St1 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St1 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St1 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St1 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St1 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St1 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St1 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St1 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St1 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St1 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St1 | | AN 2661.
St1 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St2 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St2 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St2 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St2 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St2 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St2 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St2 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St2 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St2 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St2 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St2 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St2 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St2 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St2 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St2 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St2 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St2 | | AN 2661.
St2 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St3 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St3 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St3 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St3 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St3 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St3 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St3 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St3 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St3 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St3 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St3 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St3 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St3 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St3 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St3 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St3 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St3 | | AN 2661.
St3 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St4 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St4 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St4 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St4 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St4 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St4 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St4 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St4 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St4 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St4 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St4 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St4 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St4 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St4 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St4 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St4 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St4 | | AN 2661.
St4 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St5 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St5 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St5 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St5 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St5 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St5 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St5 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St5 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St5 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St5 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St5 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St5 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St5 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St5 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St5 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St5 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St5 | | AN 2661.
St5 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St6 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St6 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St6 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St6 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St6 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St6 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St6 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St6 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St6 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St6 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St6 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St6 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St6 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St6 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St6 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St6 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St6 | | AN 2661.
St6 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St7 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St7 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St7 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St7 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St7 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St7 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St7 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St7 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St7 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St7 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St7 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St7 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St7 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St7 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St7 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St7 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St7 | | AN 2661.
St7 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St8 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St8 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St8 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St8 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St8 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St8 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St8 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St8 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St8 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St8 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St8 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St8 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St8 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St8 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St8 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St8 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St8 | | AN 2661.
St8 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St9 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St9 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St9 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St9 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St9 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St9 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St9 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St9 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St9 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St9 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St9 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St9 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St9 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St9 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St9 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St9 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St9 | | AN 2661.
St9 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St10 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St10 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St10 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St10 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St10 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St10 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St10 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St10 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St10 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St10 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St10 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St10 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St10 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St10 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St10 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St10 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St10 | | AN 2661.
St10 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St11 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St11 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St11 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St11 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St11 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St11 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St11 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St11 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St11 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St11 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St11 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St11 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St11 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St11 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St11 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St11 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St11 | | AN 2661.
St11 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St12 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St12 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St12 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St12 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St12 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St12 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St12 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St12 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St12 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St12 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St12 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St12 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St12 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St12 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St12 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St12 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St12 | | AN 2661.
St12 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
St13 | |E. Stephan's original lists, n = 1 - 13. Micrometric positions,
St13 | |re-reduced wrt GSC/SAO/PPM/Tycho-2 etc, or precessed.
St13 | |St1 = AN 76, xxx, 18xx = AN 1810; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St13 | |St2 = AN 78, xxx, 18xx = AN 1867; and MNRAS 32, 23, 18xx
St13 | |St3 = AN 79, xxx, 18xx = AN 1876; and MNRAS 32, 231, 18xx
St13 | |St4 = AN 81, xxx, 18xx = AN 1939; and MNRAS 33, 433, 18xx
St13 | |St5 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1972; and MNRAS 34, 75, 18xx
St13 | |St6 = AN 83, xxx, 18xx = AN 1977
St13 | |St7 = CR 83, 328, 18xx
St13 | |St8 = MNRAS 37, 334, 18xx
St13 | |St9 = CR 87, 869, 18xx
St13 | |St10 = CR 90, 837, 18xx
St13 | |St11 = CR 92, 1128, 18xx; ibid p. 1183; ibid p. 1260; and AN 100,
St13 | | xxx, 18xx = AN 2390.
St13 | |St12 = CR 94, 546; 18xx; ibid p. 609; and AN 105, xxx, 18xx = AN 2502.
St13 | |St13 = CR 100, 1043, 18xx; ibid p. 1107; and AN 111, 321, 1885 =
St13 | | AN 2661.
St13 |*|Standard deviation about 2-3 arcsec.
Sxy | |Carl Seyfert's dx, dy measurements refered to mean position of NGC
Sxy | |6027 for other members in the group (PASP 63, 72, 1951). N = 5
Sxy |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
Sw1 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw1 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw1 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw2 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw2 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw2 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw3 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw3 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw3 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw4 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw4 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw4 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw5 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw5 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw5 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw6 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw6 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw6 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw7 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw7 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw7 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw8 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw8 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw8 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw9 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw9 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw9 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw10 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw10 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw10 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw11 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw11 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw11 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Sw12 | |Lewis Swift's original lists, n = 1 - 12. Adopted only when the
Sw12 | |object in question is not found by me. Nominal positions only.
Sw12 |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
SAO | |SAO position adopted. Used for a few non-stellar objects, primarily
SAO | |planetaries or stars in clusters or in the center of diffuse nebulae.
SAO | |Also used for a few stars thought by the original observer to be
SAO | |nebulous -- nebulae may or may not be present on modern photographs.
SAO |*|Standard deviation 0.3 to 1.0 arcsec.
SAO |=|Cat. I/131
SBC | |J.L. Sersic, E. Bajaja, and R. Colomb. A&A 59, 19, 1977. N2915.
SBC |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec (N.B. Sec of RA is wrong in SBC's
SBC | |Table 2.)
SBC |=|1977A&A....59...19S
SBG1 | |N. Santagata, L. Basso, M. Gottardi, G. Palumbo, and G. Vettolani.
SBG1 | |A&AS 70, 189, 1987. CGCG galaxies, Paper 2 (see VPS). From machine
SBG1 | |readable files sent by G. Palumbo.
SBG1 |*|Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
SBG1 | |5 arcsec.
SBG1 |=|1987A&AS...70..189S
SBG2 | |N. Santagata, L. Basso, M. Gottardi, G. Palumbo, G. Vettolani, and
SBG2 | |M. Vigotti. A&AS 70, 191, 1987. CGCG galaxies, Paper 3 (see VPS).
SBG2 | |From machine readable files sent by G. Palumbo.
SBG2 |*|Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
SBG2 | |5 arcsec.
SBG2 |=|1987A&AS...70..191S
SBIB | |D. Sprayberry, G.M. Bernstein, C.D. Impey, G.D. Bothun. ApJ, 438, 72,
SBIB | |1995. Low surface brightness galaxies.
SBIB |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
SBIB |=|1995ApJ...438...72S
SC | |Sidney Coolidge. AN 1453. Positions for ``nebulae'', apparently
SC | |micrometrically measured; or for nebulae not found by me.
SC |*|Standard deviation looks to be around 5 arcsec (or meaningless if not
SC | |found).
SCO | |S.C. Odewahn, PhD thesis, Univ of Texas, 1989. Position for NGC 2366
SCO | |from isophotes.
SCO |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
SCOS | |N.C. Hambly, A.C. Davenhall, M.J. Irwin, H.T. MacGillivray. MNRAS
SCOS | |326, 1315, 2001 and references therein. Positions from SuperCOSMOS
SCOS | |scans of sky survey plates. Tycho-2 provided reference stars.
SCOS |*|Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec for B_J brighter than 19, 0.3 arcsec
SCOS | |for B_J brighter than 22 -- for stellar images, of course.
SCOS |=|2001MNRAS.326.1315H
SDP | |S.D. Peterson. Astron. J. 78, 811, 1973. Markarian 1 - 507.
SDP |*|Standard deviation 6-8 arcsec.
SDP |=|1973AJ.....78..811P
SESO | |A. Acker, F. Ochsenbein, B. Stenholm, R. Tylenda, J. Marcout, and
SESO | |C. Schohn. The Strasbourg-ESO Catalogue of Galactic Planetary
SESO | |Nebulae (Garching: ESO), 1992. A few positions quoted by Condon and
SESO | |Kaplan, ApJS 117, 361, 1998 (source CK, which see), and by Brian
SESO | |Skiff.
SESO |*|Standard deviation unknown, but probably a few arcsec.
SESO |=|Cat. V/84
SGC | |Southern Galaxy Catalogue (Corwin et al. 1985), not from ESOB: visual
SGC | |micrometric measurements (primarily Porter 1911), or my own
SGC | |measurements on PSS or SSS plates/prints/films.
SGC |*|Standard deviation 5-6 arcsec or better.
SGC |=|Cat. VII/116
SGsv | |Steve Gottlieb, private communication. Positions for a few IC objects
SGsv | |estimated from SkyView images.
SGsv |*|Standard deviation 3-4 arcsec at a guess.
SHM | |Kathleen Spellman, George Helou, and Barry Madore (PASP 101, 360,
SHM | |1989). SGC galaxies without ESO positions. N = 372
SHM |*|Standard deviation 6-8 arcsec.
SHM |=|1989PASP..101..360S
SIB | |Solon I. Bailey, HA 60, 1908. List of the 263 largest, brightest
SIB | |nebulae and clusters. Several IC objects here. Positions given to
SIB | |1 arcmin only; sufficient for identification.
SIB |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcmin.
SIMB | |SIMBAD's adopted position for planetary nebulae (Acker et al, 1996
SIMB | |version of the Strasbourg Catalogue, CDS catalogue number V/100),
SIMB | |quoted by B.A. Skiff.
SIMB |*|Standard deviation around one arcsec.
SIMB |=|Cat. V/100
SJL | |A. Sandqvist, S. Jorsater, and P. Lindblad. A&A 110, 336, 1982.
SJL | |Position for NGC 1365 quoted in S. Jorsater and G.A. van Moorsel, AJ
SJL | |110, 2037.
SJL |*|Standard deviation quoted as 4 arcsec.
SJL |=|1982A&A...110..336S
SK | |E.P. Smith and N.E. Kassim. AJ 105, 46, 1993. A few optical
SK | |positions for 20-cm radio sources.
SK |*|Standard deviation probably around 1-2 arcsec.
SK |=|1993AJ....105...46S
SL | |Brian A. Skiff, measured on plates taken by Lampland at Lowell Obs.
SL | |PPM stars used for astrometric net.
SL |*|Standard deviation around 0.2-0.3 arcsec.
SMB | |E. Slezak, G. Mars, A. Bijaoui, C. Balkowski, P. Fontanelli. A&AS 74,
SMB | |83, 1988. Galaxies in the "Coma Supercluster", a Palomar Schmidt
SMB | |field north-following A1656, but not including it. Precessed from
SMB | |equinox 2000.0.
SMB |*|Standard deviation around 8-10 arcsec. Large accidental errors have
SMB | |been seen.
SNp | |To be recovered. Probably a supernova parent galaxy. NGC 673 is one.
SP | |E.P. Smith et al. ApJS 104, 287, 1996. UV positions from UIT on
SP | |Astro-1 Space Shuttle mission.
SP |*|Standard deviation 2 arcsec.
SP |=|1996ApJS..104..287S
SPC | |Brian A. Skiff, Lowell Observatory PDS scans of 13" Pluto Camera
SPC | |(astrograph) plates, 1988 - 89. ESGC galaxies. Also miscellaneous
SPC | |positions measured on the same series of plates.
SPC |*|Standard deviation 2-3 arcsec.
SPF | |Ditto, but on 18-inch Palomar Schmidt films taken by Gene and
SPF | |Caroline Shoemaker for their asteroid search.
SPF |*|Standard deviation is about 1 arcsec.
SPL | |S.P. Langley in Harvard Annals 8, Part 1, p. 62, 1882. Nominal
SPL | |position for NGC 3355; nothing is there.
SPL |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
SPL |=|1882AnHar...8...62L
SPP | |Ditto, but on PSS prints or plates.
SPP |*|Standard deviation is around 1 arcsec.
STMW | |S.E. Schneider, T.X. Thuan, C. Magri, and J.E. Wadiak. Ap. J. Suppl.
STMW | |72, 245, 1990. UGC lsb galaxies.
STMW |*|Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
STMW |=|1990ApJS...72..245S
STMM | |S.E. Schneider, T.X. Thuan, C. Magri, and J. Miller. Ap. J. Suppl.
STMM | |81, 5, 1992. UGC lsb galaxies. Many positions were apparently taken
STMM | |from DC, FT, RGMH, and STMW without acknowledgment; I've removed
STMM | |these.
STMM |*|Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
STMM |=|1992ApJS...81....5S
SW | |Stephen Shawl and Raymond White, A.J. 91, 312, 1986. Positions of
SW | |109 galactic globular clusters.
SW |*|Standard deviation about 1 arcsec.
SW |=|1986AJ.....91..312S
SWX | |D.A. Smith and A.S. Wilson. ApJ, 557, 180, 2001. X-ray position for
SWX | |the Circinus galaxy from a Chandra ACIS map.
SWX |*|Standard deviation = 0.1 arcsec.
SWX |=|2001ApJ...557..180S
SVD | |Schuyler Van Dyk, private communication. NGC 150.
SVD |*|Standard deviation about 1 arcsec.
T4 | |W. Tempel. n = list number. Micrometric positions precessed from
T4 | |Tempel's equinox, typically around 1880.
T4 |*|Standard deviation probably a few arcsec.
T5 | |W. Tempel. n = list number. Micrometric positions precessed from
T5 | |Tempel's equinox, typically around 1880.
T5 |*|Standard deviation probably a few arcsec.
T9 | |W. Tempel. n = list number. Micrometric positions precessed from
T9 | |Tempel's equinox, typically around 1880.
T9 |*|Standard deviation probably a few arcsec.
TDM | |Tom DeMary, open cluster positions from USNO A2.0 displayed with
TDM | |HyperSky, eyeball centers, precessed from J2000.0.
TDM |*|Standard deviations between about 10 arcsec to 1-2 arcmin, depending
TDM | |on cluster size.
TE | |Thomas Espin, MNRAS 54, 327, 1894; and AN No. 3633, 1900. Fifteen
TE | |"nebulae" or clusters in MN, seven nebulae in AN.
TE | |Positions estimated from BD charts, used only for objects not found.
TE |*|Standard deviations meaningless.
TE |=|1894MNRAS..54..327E
TH | |Turner, J.L. and Ho, P.T.P. ApJ, 421, 122, 1994. 2- and 6-cm nuclear
TH | |continuum sources in 8 spiral galaxies.
TH |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec, except for NGC 5194 where it is 0.1
TH | |arcsec.
TH |=|1994ApJ...421..122T
TH1 | |Turner, J.L. and Ho, P.T.P. ApJ, 268, L79, 1983. 2- and 6-cm nuclear
TH1 | |sources in 3 spiral galaxies.
TH1 |*|Standard deviation about an arcsec.
TH1 |=|1983ApJ...268L..79T
THB | |Turner, J.L, Ho, P.T.P., and Beck, S.C. AJ 116, 1212, 1998. 2- and
THB | |6-cm continuum observations of NGC 5253.
THB |*|Standard deviation a few tenths of an arcsec.
THB |=|1998AJ....116.1212T
THS | |T. H. Safford, from IC. Used only when the object is unrecoverable.
THS |*|Standard deviation meaningless
TML | |J.H. Taylor, R.N. Manchester, A.G. Lyme. ApJS 88, 529, 1993. Pulsar
TML | |catalogue. J2000.0 positions precessed to B1950.0 for a few pulsars
TML | |associated with SNRs (e.g. Crab pulsar = NGC 1952).
TML |*|Standard deviation 0.5 arcsec or better.
TML |=|Cat. VII/156
TVP | |Tully, R.B., Verheijen, M.A.W., Pierce, M.J., Huang, J.-S., and
TVP | |Wainscoat, R.J. Ursa Major Cloud members, from GSC stars on CCD
TVP | |images.
TVP |*|Standard deviation about 1 arcsec.
Ty2 | |E. Hog et al. A&A 355, 27L, 2000. Tycho-2 positions, primarily for
Ty2 | |individual stars, but some planetaries (courtesy of Brian Skiff), too.
Ty2 |*|Standard deviation 0.007 arcsec for stars brighter than V = 9, 0.06
Ty2 | |for fainter stars.
Ty2 |=|Cat. I/259
UA10 | |USNO-A1.0. From scans of original sky survey plates by USNO team
UA10 | |headed by D. Monet.
UA10 |*|Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec for stars, 1-2 arcsec for extended
UA10 | |objects (e.g. galaxies) larger than about an arcmin.
UA10 |=|Cat. I/243
UA20 | |USNO-A2.0. From scans of original sky survey plates by USNO team
UA20 | |headed by D. Monet; reprocessing of A1.0 to put it on ICRS.
UA20 |*|Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec for stars, 1-2 arcsec for extended
UA20 | |objects (e.g. galaxies) larger than about an arcmin, probably around
UA20 | |0.4 - 0.5 arcsec for smaller galaxies.
UA20 |=|Cat. I/252
UB10 | |USNO-B1.0. From scans of original sky survey plates by USNO team
UB10 | |headed by D. Monet. Pretty much like USNO-A1.0, but includes proper
UB10 | |motions and star/non-star classifications.
UB10 |*|Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec for stars, 1-2 arcsec for extended
UB10 | |objects (e.g. galaxies) larger than about an arcmin, probably around
UB10 | |0.4 - 0.5 arcsec for smaller galaxies.
UB10 |=|Cat. I/284
UCA1 | |USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog (preliminary edition) "UCAC1".
UCA1 | |N. Zacharias, et al, CD-ROM (Washington: USNO), March 2000. A few
UCA1 | |bright galaxies are included. This extends from the south equatorial
UCA1 | |pole to about -20 deg, and has now been completely replaced by UCAC2,
UCA1 | |which see.
UCA1 |*|Standard deviation "20 mas for stars in the magnitude range R = 9-14.5
UCA1 | |and about 70 mas at the limiting magnitude of 16."
UCA1 |=|Cat. I/268
UCA2 | |USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog (second edition) "UCAC2". N. Zacharias,
UCA2 | |S.E. Urban, M.I. Zacharias, G.L. Wycoff, D.M. Hall, M.E. Germain, E.R.
UCA2 | |Holdenreid, and L. Winter. AJ 127, 3043, 2004. This completely
UCA2 | |replaces UCAC1 and extends it north to at least +40 deg, and up to
UCA2 | |+50 deg at some RAs.
UCA2 |*|Standard deviation "20 mas for stars in the magnitude range R = 9-14.5
UCA2 | |and about 70 mas at the limiting magnitude of 16."
UCA2 |=|Cat. I/294
UGCo | |UGC Notes offset (from UGC galaxies with a precise positions) in
UGCo | |arcmin and position angle converted to delta RA and delta Dec.
UGCo |*|Standard deviation about 6-8 arcsec (also depends on accuracy of
UGCo | |position used as reference).
UJ10 | |UJ 1.0. From scans of short-exposure IIIa-J POSS-2 plates by USNO,
UJ10 | |courtesy of D. Monet.
UJ10 |*|Standard deviation about 0.3 arcsec for stars, 1-2 arcsec for extended
UJ10 | |objects (galaxies).
UJ10 |=|Cat. I/243
USNO | |See K.J. Johnston, et al, AJ 110, 880, 1995 for background. The
USNO | |positions actually used come from USNO's 1996-11 solution, downloaded
USNO | |in January 1997 from their public ftp partition. VLBI radio reference
USNO | |sources. These define the FK5 radio reference frame. Precessed from
USNO | |J2000.0 to B1950.0 using J. Bennett's IPAC precession/conversion
USNO | |routines.
USNO |*|Standard deviation better than 3 milliarcseconds in all cases, and
USNO | |better than 1 milliarcsec in most cases. Accuracy on this level is
USNO | |destroyed by the precession program. Can ANY precession routine do
USNO | |justice to these positions?
UW | |J.S. Ulvestad and A.S. Wilson. ApJ 343, 659, 1989. 2, 6, and 20 cm
UW | |VLA observations of Seyfert nuclei. n = 27.
UW |*|Standard deviation around 0.2 arcsec.
UW |=|1989ApJ...343..659U
UWS | |J.S. Ulvestad, A.S. Wilson, and R.A. Sramek. AJ 247, 419, 1981. 1.465
UWS | |GHz and/or 4.885 GHz VLA observations of Seyfert nuclei. n = 16.
UWS |*|Standard deviation 0.1-0.3 arcsec.
UWS |=|1981ApJ...247..419U
UZC | |The Updated Zwicky Catalogue. E. Falco, et al. PASP, 111, 438, 1999.
UZC | |GSC or DSS positions for about 19,000 CGCG galaxies with m_p <= 15.5,
UZC | |plus a few hundred other galaxies. The original list had many
UZC | |misidentifications and stars included. These have been mostly
UZC | |removed in the published version.
UZC |*|Standard deviation around 1-1.5 arcsec.
UZC |=|1999PASP..111..438F
vdH+ | |J.M. van der Hulst, P.C. Crane, and W.C. Keel. AJ 86, 1175, 1981.
vdH+ | |6 cm VLA observations of spiral galaxy nuclei.
vdH+ |*|Standard deviation 0.3 or 0.8 arcsec.
vdH+ |=|1981AJ.....86.1175V
vdK1 | |P.C. van der Kruit. A&A 15, 110, 1971. 21.2-cm positions for 13
vdK1 | |galaxies.
vdK1 |*|Standard deviation about 2 arcsec.
vdK1 |=|1971A&A....15..110V
vdK2 | |P.C. van der Kruit. A&A 29, 231 and 249, 1973. 21.2-cm positions for
vdK2 | |bright galaxies. N3556 position interpolated from contours in Fig. 6
vdK2 | |of vdK3 by me.
vdK2 |*|Standard deviation less than 1 arcsec (except for N3556; that is
vdK2 | |probably 3-4 arcsec).
vdK2 |=|1973A&A....29..231V
vdK3 | |P.C. van der Kruit. A&A 29, 231 and 249, 1973. 21.2-cm positions for
vdK3 | |bright galaxies. N3556 position interpolated from contours in Fig. 6
vdK3 | |of vdK3 by me.
vdK3 |*|Standard deviation less than 1 arcsec (except for N3556; that is
vdK3 | |probably 3-4 arcsec).
vdK3 |=|1973A&A....29..249V
Vig | |Vigotti, M., Grueff, G., Perley, R., Clark, B.G., Bridle, A.H.
Vig | |AJ 98, 419, 1989. Radio sources measured on POSS prints w.r.t. AGK3
Vig | |stars.
Vig |*|Standard deviations about 0.7 arcsec for stellar images, probably
Vig | |several arcsec for things like M51.
Vig |=|1989AJ.....98..419V
V | |Veron, P. ApJ 144, 861, 1966. Radio sources.
V |*|Standard deviation about 1 arcsec.
V |=|1966ApJ...144..861V
VC | |de Vaucouleurs and Corwin, ApJ 295, 287, 1985. M31 from several
VC | |astrometric sources.
VC |*|Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
VC |=|1985ApJ...295..287D
VCC | |B. Bingelli, A. Sandage, and G. A. Tammann. A.J. 90, 1681, 1985.
VCC | |Virgo Cluster Catalog.
VCC |*|Standard deviation about 10 arcsec.
VCC |=|1985AJ.....90.1681B
VHSW | |S.D. Van Dyk, S.D. Hyman, R.A. Sramek, and K.W. Weiler. IAU Circular
VHSW | |6045. VLA 6- and 20-cm position for NGC 6946.
VHSW |*|Standard deviation probably 0.2-0.3 arcsec.
VHSW |=|1994IAUC.6045....1V
VL | |G. de Vaucouleurs and R. Leach. PASP 93, 190, 1981. M31 and M33.
VL |*|Standard deviation about 0.2 arcsec.
VL |=|1981PASP...93..190D
VPC | |C.K. Young and M.J. Currie. A&AS 127, 367, 1998. The Virgo
VPC | |Photometry Catalogue. Positions taken from RC3 removed.
VPC |*|Standard deviation 3-4 arcsec.
VPC |=|1998A&AS..127..367Y
VPD | |M.B. Vila, A. Pedlar, R.D. Davies, E. Hummel, and D.J. Axon. MNRAS
VPD | |242, 379, 1990. 20- and 6-cm positions for bright Sbc galaxies.
VPD |*|Standard deviation 0.3 arcsec when given to 0.1 arcsec, 2-3 arcsec
VPD | |when given to 1 arcsec.
VPD |=|1990MNRAS.242..379V
VPS | |G. Vettolani, G. Palumbo, and N. Santagata. A&AS 64, 247, 1986.
VPS | |CGCG galaxies, Paper 1. From machine readable files sent by G.
VPS | |Palumbo.
VPS |*|Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
VPS | |5 arcsec.
VPS |=|1986A&AS...64..247V
VPS1 | |Ditto, for CGCG fields 502-5. Typed by me.
VPS1 |*|Standard deviation depends on size of galaxy, varies from 1 arcsec to
VPS1 | |5 arcsec.
VV1 | |Veron, M.P. and Veron, P. A&A 42, 1, 1975 and A&AS 29, 149, 1977.
VV1 | |Radio sources.
VV1 |*|Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
VV1 |=|1975A&A....42....1V
VV2 | |Veron, M.P. and Veron, P. A&A 42, 1, 1975 and A&AS 29, 149, 1977.
VV2 | |Radio sources.
VV2 |*|Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
VV2 |=|1975A&A....42....1V
VVAG | |Veron, M.P., Veron, P., Adgie, R.L., and Gent, H. A&A 59, L19, 1976.
VVAG | |Radio sources.
VVAG |*|Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
VVAG |=|1977A&A....59L..19W
Win | |A. Winnecke, Strassburg Annals, Vol. 3, 1909. Micrometric
Win | |measurements of several hundred NGC objects, re-reduced using modern
Win | |positions for the reference stars.
Win |*|Standard deviation 1-2 arcsec at a guess.
Wolf | |Max Wolf, AN 4082 = AN 171, 27, 1906. Nominal position for IC 1831,
Wolf | |currently a lost object.
Wolf |*|Standard deviation meaningless.
Wolf |=|1906AN....171...27W
WDP | |W.D. Pence, thesis (1981). NGC 253.
WDP |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec.
WF | |Wilhelmina P. Fleming, Harvard Annals 60 and references therein.
WF | |"Stars" with emission lines; most are PNe or -- in the LMC -- HII
WF | |regions. Positions used only when the object cannot be positively
WF | |identified (e.g. IC 1292). Original positions were given to 0.1
WF | |minute and 1 arcmin. (Also see source WPF.)
WF |*|Standard deviation meaningless, but the identified nebulae have
WF | |positions typically good to 1-2 arcmin.
WGT | |W.G. Tifft, Probably Coma Cluster or double galaxies (I've lost the
WGT | |reference; check AJ's or ApJ's).
WGT |*|Standard deviation a few arcsec at a guess.
WH | |W. Herschel, Collected Papers (ed. Dreyer, 1912). Offsets reduced
WH | |w.r.t. modern positions for reference stars. Used only for objects
WH | |not recovered on the sky surveys (e.g. NGC 421, NGC 4317, etc).
WH |*|Standard deviation is meaningless.
WK | |W. Keel, reported in CCR (which see). NGC 992.
WK |*|Standard deviation better than 1 arcsec.
WKF | |P.A. Woudt, R.C. Kraan-Korteweg, A.P. Fairall, H. Bohringer,
WKF | |V. Cayatte, and I.S. Glass. A&A, in press, 1998.
WKF |*|Standard deviation unknown, probably a few arcsec.
WKF |=|1998A&A...338....8W
WM | |A. S. Wilson and E. J. A. Meurs (A&ASuppl. 33, 407, 1978) Seyferts.
WM | |N = 7.
WM |*|Standard deviation around 0.2 arcsec.
WM |=|1978A&AS...33..407W
WMe | |Wilson and Meurs, as above, but image noted as "large or asymmetric,
WMe | |so the errors are typically a few arcsec."
WMe |*|Standard deviation around 3 arcsec at a guess.
WPF | |Wilhelmina P. Fleming, Harvard Circulars No. 32 and 60. Various NGC
WPF | |and IC objects found on Harvard plates.
WPF |*|Standard deviation 10-15 arcsec.
WR | |W. Romanishin. AJ, Aug 1990. LSB galaxies.
WR |*|Standard deviation around 3 arcsec.
WR |=|1990AJ....100..373R
WS | |Wolfgang Steinicke. Positions for NGC/IC objects from RealSky.
WS | |Identifications corrected when known wrong, flagged with a question
WS | |mark when WS position is different from another position and an
WS | |investigation is not yet done. Declinations are systematically south
WS | |by 2 arcsec.
WS |*|Standard deviation 3 arcsec or better.
WU1 | |A.S. Wilson and J.S. Ulvestad, ApJ 260, 56, 1982. 6 and 20 cm
WU1 | |position for NGC 5548.
WU1 |*|Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec.
WU1 |=|1982ApJ...260...56W
WU2 | |A.S. Wilson and J.S. Ulvestad, ApJ 275, 8, 1983. 6 and 20 cm position
WU2 | |for NGC 1068.
WU2 |*|Standard deviation 0.2 arcsec.
WU2 |=|1983ApJ...275....8W
WW | |A.S. Wilson and A.G. Willis, ApJ 240, 429, 1980. 6-cm positions for
WW | |Seyfert nuclei.
WW |*|Standard deviation 0.4 arcsec.
WW |=|1980ApJ...240..429W
WWB | |Wynn-Williams and E. Becklin. ApJ 290, 108, 1985. Optical (Johnson
WWB | |V) position for NGC 2903 quoted in VPD.
WWB |*|Standard deviation better than 1 arcsec.
WWB |=|1985ApJ...290..108W
WWD | |D. & B. Wills and J. Douglas. AJ 78, 521, 1973. Optical positions
WWD | |for radio sources.
WWD |*|Standard deviation about 0.5 arcsec.
WWD |=|1973AJ.....78..521W
WYC | |A.S. Wilson, Y. Yang, and G. Cecil. ApJ 560, 689, 2001. 20-cm
WYC | |nuclear source in NGC 4258.
WYC |*|Standard deviation 0.1 arcsec.
WYC |=|2001ApJ...560..689W
YOF | |N. Yasuda, S. Okamura, and M. Fukugita. ApJS 96, 359, 1995.
YOF | |Optical positions for spirals in Virgo.
YOF |*|Standard deviation 0.9 arcsec.
YOF |=|1995ApJS...96..359Y
YZYH | |Q.R. Yuan, Z.H. Zhu, Z.L. Yang, and X.T. He, A&AS, 115, 267, 1996.
YZYH | |APM positions for IRAS galaxies in Virgo.
YZYH |*|Standard deviation around 1-2 arcsec.
YZYH |=|1996A&AS..115..267Y
ZGT | |F. Zwicky, H. Gates, and D. Taylor, unpublished ONR Report, 1955.
ZGT |*|Standard deviation around 5-7 arcsec at a guess.
ZH | |F. Zwicky and E. Herzog (CGCG II, p. 319). Special Coma Cluster map
ZH | |and table.
ZH |*|Standard deviation around 10 arcsec.
ZH |=|Cat.VII/190........
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