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J/ApJ/703/420 Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)
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Beginning of ReadMe :J/ApJ/703/420 Red supergiants in M31 (Massey+, 2009)
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Red supergiants in the Andromeda galaxy (M31).
Massey P., Silva D.R., Levesque E.M., Plez B., Olsen K.A.G., Clayton G.C.,
Meynet G., Maeder A.
<Astrophys. J., 703, 420-440 (2009)>
=2009ApJ...703..420M
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ADC_Keywords: Stars, supergiant ; Radial velocities ; Photometry, infrared ;
Spectrophotometry ; Magnitudes ; Galaxies, nearby ; Surveys
Keywords: stars: atmospheres - stars: evolution -
stars: fundamental parameters - stars: late-type
Abstract:
Red supergiants (RSGs) are a short-lived stage in the evolution of
moderately massive stars (10-25M_sun_), and as such their location
in the H-R diagram provides an exacting test of stellar evolutionary
models. Since massive star evolution is strongly affected by the
amount of mass loss a star suffers, and since the mass-loss rates
depend upon metallicity, it is highly desirable to study the physical
properties of these stars in galaxies of various metallicities. Here
we identify a sample of RSGs in M31, the most metal-rich of the Local
Group galaxies. We determine the physical properties of these stars
using both moderate resolution spectroscopy and broadband V-K
photometry. We find that on average the RSGs of our sample are
variable in V by 0.5mag, smaller but comparable to the 0.9mag found
for Magellanic Cloud (MC) RSGs. No such variability is seen at K, also
in accord with what we know of Galactic and MC RSGs.
Description:
437 stars from the LGGS (Local Group Galaxies Survey) catalog of
Massey et al. (2006, Cat. J/AJ/131/2478 and 2007, Cat. J/AJ/133/2393)
met the photometric criteria required (see table 1).
To confirm their membership in M31, we measured radial velocities
using the CaII triplet (8498, 8542, 8662) observed with the Hydra
multi-object fiber spectrograph on the WIYN 3.5m telescope. The
observations were obtained on 2005 September 27, 28, and 30 (see table
2). Our optical spectroscopy was carried out with the 6.5m MMT
telescope on 2.5 nights of 2006 October 26-28 using the Blue Channel
spectrograph.
All of the stars in our sample had broadband optical photometry in the
LGGS, obtained circa 2000-2001, and many of the stars have Ks band
from Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), obtained 1997-2000. For this
paper, the Ks photometry data were obtained on 2006 October 4 UTC at
the Kitt Peak National Observatory Mayall 4m telescope using the
Florida Multi-object Imaging Near-IR Grism Observational Spectrometer
(FLAMINGOS) (see table 3).
For the V-band photometry, we availed ourselves of two nights on the
Lowell Observatory Perkins 1.8m telescope, 2008 November 21 and 22
(see table 4).