J/AJ/162/82 IRD and HPF spectra of TRAPPIST-1b,e and f (Krishnamurthy+, 2021)
Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f.
Krishnamurthy V., Hirano T., Stefansson G., Ninan J.P., Mahadevan S.,
Gaidos E., Kopparapu R., Sato B., Hori Y., Bender C.F., Canas C.I.,
Diddams S.A., Halverson S., Harakawa H., Hawley S., Hearty F., Hebb L.,
Hodapp K., Jacobson S., Kanodia S., Konishi M., Kotani T., Kowalski A.,
Kudo T., Kurokawa T., Kuzuhara M., Lin A., Maney M., Metcalf A.J.,
Morris B., Nishikawa J., Omiya M., Robertson P., Roy A., Schwab C.,
Serizawa T., Tamura M., Ueda A., Vievard S., Wisniewski J.
<Astron. J., 162, 82 (2021)>
=2021AJ....162...82K 2021AJ....162...82K
ADC_Keywords: Exoplanets; Spectra, infrared; Photometry, SDSS
Keywords: Exoplanets ; Transmission spectroscopy ; Exoplanet atmospheres
Abstract:
We obtained high-resolution spectra of the ultracool M-dwarf
TRAPPIST-1 during the transit of its planet "b" using two
high-dispersion near-infrared spectrographs, the Infrared Doppler
(IRD) instrument on the Subaru 8.2m telescope, and the Habitable Zone
Planet Finder (HPF) instrument on the 10m Hobby-Eberly Telescope.
These spectroscopic observations are complemented by a photometric
transit observation for planet "b" using the APO/ARCTIC, which
assisted us in capturing the correct transit times for our transit
spectroscopy. Using the data obtained by the new IRD and HPF
observations, as well as the prior transit observations of planets
"b," "e" and "f" from IRD, we attempt to constrain the atmospheric
escape of the planet using the Hei triplet 10830Å absorption line.
We do not detect evidence for any primordial extended H-He atmospheres
in all three planets. To limit any planet-related absorption, we place
an upper limit on the equivalent widths of <7.754mÅ for planet "b,"
<10.458mÅ for planet "e," <4.143mÅ for planet "f" at 95%
confidence from the IRD data, and <3.467mÅ for planet "b" at 95%
confidence from HPF data. Using these limits along with a solar- like
composition isothermal Parker wind model, we attempt to constrain the
mass-loss rates for the three planets. For TRAPPIST-1b, our models
exclude the highest possible energy-limited rate for a wind
temperature <5000K. This nondetection of extended atmospheres with low
mean-molecular weights in all three planets aids in further
constraining their atmospheric composition by steering the focus
toward the search of high-molecular-weight species in their
atmospheres.
Description:
We observed a photometric transit of TRAPPIST-1b on the night of UT
2020 September 5 using the Astrophysical Research Consortium Telescope
Imaging Camera (ARCTIC) on the 3.5m Astrophysical Research Consortium
Telescope at Apache Point Observatory. We adopted the SDSS filter
using an exposure time of 18s in the 4x4 binning fast-readout mode.
We observed the transit of TRAPPIST-1b on the night of UT 2020
September 17 using Infrared Doppler (IRD), which has a spectral
resolution of ∼70000 in the operating wavelength range of
0.95-1.75µm, mounted on the 8.2m Subaru Telescope on Maunakea,
Hawaii.
Habitable Planet Finder (HPF) is a fiber-fed high-resolution (R=55000)
spectrograph on the 10m Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) at McDonald
Observatory in Texas. Using HPF, we obtained three transits on the
nights of UT 2018 October 2, 2019 July 31, and 2020 September 5.
Objects:
----------------------------------------------------
RA (2000) DE Designation(s)
----------------------------------------------------
23 06 29.37 -05 02 29.0 TRAPPIST-1b = TRAPPIST-1b
23 06 29.3 -05 02 29.0 TRAPPIST-1e = TRAPPIST-1e
23 06 29.4 -05 02 29.0 TRAPPIST-1f = TRAPPIST-1f
----------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
fig1.dat 108 556 APO/ARCTIC Transit and modeling of TRAPPIST-1b
fig2a.dat 182 107 Transmission spectra of TRAPPIST-1b,e,f from IRD
fig2b.dat 60 94 Transmission spectra of TRAPPIST-1b from HPF
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See also:
J/A+A/632/A24 : HeI IR triplet measurements for M dwarfs (Fuhrmeister+, 2019)
J/A+A/640/A112 : TRAPPIST-1 transit timings (Ducrot+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/100 : Flux & RVs of the dwarf G9-40 with K2 & HPF (Stefansson+,2020)
J/AJ/160/192 : Photometry and RVs of K2-25b with HPF (Stefansson+, 2020)
J/AJ/159/278 : He-filter obs. of WASP-69b & WASP-52b (Vissapragada+, 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.10 d BJD [2459097/2459098] Barycentric Julian Date at TDB
20- 31 F12.10 --- flux [0.98/1.01] Normalized flux
33- 44 F12.10 --- e_flux [0.002/0.004] flux uncertainty
46- 57 F12.10 --- model1 [0.99/1.01] Best-fit transit model, with Gaussian
Process
59- 70 F12.10 --- gp [1/1.01] Best-fit Gaussian-Process model only
72- 89 F18.16 --- flux2 [0.98/1.01] detrended flux, removing Gaussian Process
91-108 F18.16 --- model2 [0.99/1.01] best-fit transit fit, no Gaussian Process
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig2a.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 F11.6 nm waveb [1083/1084] Wavelength for TRAPPIST-1b (IRD)
13- 23 F11.9 --- tb [0.6/1.7] median-combined normalized flux during
transit of TRAPPIST-1b from IRD
25- 35 F11.9 --- ntb [0.6/2] median-combined normalized flux outside
the transit of TRAPPIST-1b from IRD
37- 48 F12.9 --- ratiob [-0.54/0.77] Flux ratio TRAPPIST-1b IRD (in/out-1)
50- 60 F11.9 --- e_ratiob [0.009/0.4] Error in Flux ratio of TRAPPIST-1b
62- 72 F11.6 nm wavee [1083/1084] Wavelength in nm for TRAPPIST-1e (IRD)
74- 84 F11.9 --- te [0.59/1.9] median-combined normalized flux during
transit of TRAPPIST-1e from IRD
86- 96 F11.9 --- nte [0.6/2] median-combined normalized flux outside
the transit of TRAPPIST-1e from IRD
98-109 F12.9 --- ratioe [-0.11/0.06] Flux ratio TRAPPIST-1e IRD (in/out-1)
111-121 F11.9 --- e_ratioe [0.01/0.5] Error in Flux ratio of TRAPPIST-1e
123-133 F11.6 nm wavef [1083/1084] Wavelength in nm for TRAPPIST-1f (IRD)
135-145 F11.9 --- tf [0.59/1.6] median-combined normalized flux during
transit of TRAPPIST-1f from IRD
147-157 F11.9 --- ntf [0.6/2] median-combined normalized flux outside
the transit of TRAPPIST-1f from IRD
159-170 F12.9 --- ratiof [-0.21/0.07] Flux ratio TRAPPIST-1f IRD (in/out-1)
172-182 F11.9 --- e_ratiof [0.01/0.5] Error in Flux ratio of TRAPPIST-1f
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: fig2b.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 11 F11.6 nm waveb [1083/1084] Wavelength from HPF
13- 23 F11.9 --- tb [0.37/1.1] Median-combined normalized flux during
transit of TRAPPIST-1b from HPF
25- 35 F11.9 --- ntb [0.65/1.2] Median-combined normalized flux outside
the transit of TRAPPIST-1b from HPF
37- 48 F12.9 --- ratiob [-0.58/0.09] Flux ratio TRAPPIST-1b HPF (in/out-1)
50- 60 F11.9 --- e_ratiob [0.02/9.5] Error in Flux ratio of TRAPPIST-1b
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History:
From electronic version of the journal
(End) Prepared by [AAS], Coralie Fix [CDS], 23-Nov-2021