J/A+A/664/A156 Young sub-Neptunes orbiting TOI-2076 light curves (Osborn+, 2022)
Uncovering the true periods of the young sub-Neptunes orbiting TOI-2076.
Osborn H.P., Bonfanti A., Gandolfi D., Hedges C., Leleu A., Fortier A.,
Futyan D., Gutermann P., Maxted P.F.L., Borsato L., Collins K.A.,
Gomes da Silva J., Gomez Maqueo Chew Y., Hooton M.J., Lendl M.,
Parviainen H., Salmon S., Schanche N., Serrano L.M., Sousa S.G., Tuson A.,
Ulmer-Moll S., Van Grootel V., Wells R.D., Wilson T.G., Alibert Y.,
Alonso R., Anglada G., Asquier J., Barrado y Navascues D., Baumjohann W.,
Beck T., Benz W., Biondi F., Bonfils X., Bouchy F., Brandeker A., Broeg C.,
Barczy T., Barros S.C.C., Cabrera J., Charnoz S., Collier Cameron A.,
Csizmadia S., Davies M.B., Deleuil M., Delrez L., Demory B.-O.,
Ehrenreich D., Erikson A., Fossati L., Fridlund M., Gillon M.,
Gomez-Munoz M.A., Guedel M., Heng K., Hoyer S., Isaak K.G., Kiss L.,
Laskar J., Lecavelier des Etangs A., Lovis C., Magrin D., Malavolta L.,
McCormac J., Nascimbeni V., Olofsson G., Ottensamer R., Pagano I.,
Palle E., Peter G., Piazza D., Piotto G., Pollacco D., Queloz D.,
Ragazzoni R., Rando N., Rauer H., Reimers C., Ribas I., Demangeon O.D.S.,
Smith A.M.S., Sabin L., Santos N., Scandariato G., Schroffenegger U.,
Schwarz R.P., Shporer A., Simon A.E., Steller M., Szabo G.M., Segransan D.,
Thomas N., Udry S., Walter I., Walton N.
<Astron. Astrophys. 664, A156 (2022)>
=2022A&A...664A.156O 2022A&A...664A.156O (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Exoplanets ; Photometry
Keywords: planets and satellites: detection - stars: individual: TOI-2076 -
techniques: photometric
Abstract:
TOI-2076 is a transiting three-planet system of sub-Neptunes orbiting
a bright (G=8.9mag), young (340±80Myr) K-type star. Although a
validated planetary system, the orbits of the two outer planets were
unconstrained as only two non-consecutive transits were seen in TESS
photometry. This left 11 and 7 possible period aliases for each.
To reveal the true orbits of these two long-period planets, precise
photometry targeted on the highest- probability period aliases is
required. Long-term monitoring of transits in multi-planet systems can
also help constrain planetary masses through TTV measurements.
We used the MonoTools package to determine which aliases to follow,
and then performed space-based and ground-based photometric follow-up
of TOI-2076 c and d with CHEOPS, SAINT-EX, and LCO telescopes.
CHEOPS observations revealed a clear detection for TOI-2076 c at
P=21.01538+0.00084-0.00074d, and allowed us to rule out three of
the most likely period aliases for TOI-2076 d. Ground-based photometry
further enabled us to rule out remaining aliases and confirm the
P=35.12537±0.00067d alias. These observations also improved the
radius precision of all three sub- Neptunes to 2.518±0.036,
3.497±0.043, and 3.232±0.063 R⊕. Our observations also
revealed a clear anti-correlated TTV signal between planets b and c
likely caused by their proximity to the 2:1 resonance, while planets c
and d appear close to a 5:3 period commensurability, although model
degeneracy meant we were unable to retrieve robust TTV masses. Their
inflated radii, likely due to extended H-He atmospheres, combined with
low insolation makes all three planets excellent candidates for future
comparative transmission spectroscopy with JWST.
Description:
We present all space- and ground-based photometry observed of TOI-2076
which contributed the paper. This includes 4 visits with CHEOPS, and 6
ground-based lightcurves from LCO/McDonald (1m, z-band), Saint-Ex (1m,
r-band), LCO/MuSCAT-3 (2m, g, r, i & z bands, each presented
independently here).
Objects:
--------------------------------------------------
RA (2000) DE Designation(s)
--------------------------------------------------
14 29 34.24 +39 47 25.5 TOI-2076 = BD+40 2790
--------------------------------------------------
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
cheops_0.dat 248 545 Cheops visit 4 photometry and best-fit models
(File key CHPR110048TG003701_V0200)
cheops_1.dat 320 502 Cheops visit 3 photometry and best-fit models
(File key CHPR110048TG003601_V0200)
cheops_2.dat 248 564 Cheops visit 2 photometry and best-fit models
(File key CHPR110048TG003201_V0200)
cheops_3.dat 324 415 Cheops visit 1 photometry and best-fit models
(File key CHPR110048TG002501_V0200)
g_lco.dat 430 404 LCO/MuSCAT3 photometry and best-fit models
in g band
r_lco.dat 426 639 LCO/MuSCAT3 photometry and best-fit models
in r band
i_lco.dat 423 693 LCO/MuSCAT3 photometry and best-fit models
in i band
z_lco.dat 424 598 LCO/MuSCAT3 photometry and best-fit models
in z band
r_sex.dat 322 490 Saint-Ex photometry and best-fit models
in r band
z_mcd.dat 136 458 LCO/1m McDonald photometry and best-fit models
in z band
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: cheops_0.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 37 F18.14 deg phi CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle (in degrees)
adjusted to be near-continuous
39- 61 F23.20 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
63- 81 F19.17 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
83-105 E23.16 --- smear Vertical read-out smear as computed by the
CHEOPS DRP
107-126 F20.17 --- deltaT Change in on-board CHEOPS temperature as
computed by the DRP
128-150 F23.20 --- bg Background contaminant flux as computed by
the CHEOPS DRP
152-173 F22.19 --- sinphi Sine of CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle
175-195 F21.18 --- cosphi Cosine of CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle
197-219 E23.16 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
221-240 F20.18 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
242-244 F3.1 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
246-248 F3.1 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: cheops_1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 37 F18.14 deg phi CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle (in degrees)
adjusted to be near-continuous
39- 59 F21.18 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
61- 79 F19.17 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
81-103 E23.17 --- smear vertical read-out smear as computed by the
CHEOPS DRP
105-124 F20.17 --- deltaT Change in on-board CHEOPS temperature as
computed by the DRP
126-148 E23.17 --- bg Background contaminant flux as computed by
the CHEOPS DRP
150-171 F22.19 --- sinphi Sine of CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle
173-193 F21.18 --- cosphi Cosine of CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle
195-215 F21.18 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
217-236 F20.18 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
238-256 F19.16 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
258-277 F20.18 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
279-299 F21.18 --- summodxmed Best-fit combined flux correction and
transit model (median)
301-320 F20.18 --- summodxsd Error on best-fit combined flux correction
and transit model (standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: cheops_2.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 37 F18.14 deg phi CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle (in degrees)
adjusted to be near-continuous
39- 60 F22.19 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
62- 80 F19.17 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
82-104 E23.17 --- smear vertical read-out smear as computed by the
CHEOPS DRP
106-125 F20.17 --- deltaT Change in on-board CHEOPS temperature as
computed by the DRP
127-150 E24.17 --- bg Background contaminant flux as computed by
the CHEOPS DRP
152-172 F21.18 --- sinphi Sine of CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle
174-196 F23.20 --- cosphi Cosine of CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle
198-219 F22.19 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
221-240 F20.18 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
242-244 F3.1 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
246-248 F3.1 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: cheops_3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 37 F18.14 deg phi CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle (in degrees)
adjusted to be near-continuous
39- 59 F21.18 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
61- 79 F19.17 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
81-102 E22.16 --- smear vertical read-out smear as computed by the
CHEOPS DRP
104-123 F20.17 --- deltaT Change in on-board CHEOPS temperature as
computed by the DRP
125-147 E23.17 --- bg Background contaminant flux as computed by
the CHEOPS DRP
149-169 F21.18 --- sinphi Sine of CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle
171-192 F22.19 --- cosphi Cosine of CHEOPS spacecraft roll angle
194-215 F22.19 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
217-236 F20.18 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
238-258 F21.18 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
260-280 E21.16 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
282-303 F22.19 --- summodxmed Best-fit combined flux correction and
transit model (median)
305-324 F20.18 --- summodxsd Error on best-fit combined flux correction
and transit model (standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: g_lco.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 44 F25.20 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
46- 63 F18.16 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
65- 86 F22.19 --- Airmass Airmass of star
88-109 F22.19 --- Entropy PSF fit model entropy from MuSCAT DRP
111-132 F22.19 --- Width PSF with from AstroImageJ
134-155 F22.19 --- X PSF x-centroid from AIJ
157-178 F22.19 --- Y PSF y-centroid from AIJ
180-200 F21.18 --- FWHM PSF full-width-half-maximum from AIJ
202-223 F22.19 --- compcts Total comparison star flux counts as computed
with AIJ
225-246 F22.19 --- g/r Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands g & r
248-269 F22.19 --- r/i Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands r & i
271-292 F22.19 --- i/z Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands i & z
294-317 F24.19 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
319-338 F20.18 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
340-361 F22.19 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
363-384 E22.17 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
386-409 F24.19 --- summodxmed Best-fit combined flux correction and
transit model (median)
411-430 F20.18 --- summodxsd Error on best-fit combined flux correction
and transit model (standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: r_lco.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 41 F22.18 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
43- 60 F18.16 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
62- 82 F21.18 --- Airmass Airmass of star
84-105 F22.19 --- Entropy PSF fit model entropy from MuSCAT DRP
107-128 F22.19 --- Width PSF with from AstroImageJ
130-151 E22.16 --- X PSF x-centroid from AIJ
153-174 F22.19 --- Y PSF y-centroid from AIJ
176-196 F21.18 --- FWHM PSF full-width-half-maximum from AIJ
198-219 F22.19 --- compcts Total comparison star flux counts as computed
with AIJ
221-242 F22.19 --- g/r Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands g & r
244-266 F23.20 --- r/i Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands r & i
268-288 F21.18 --- i/z Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands i & z
290-313 F24.20 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
315-334 F20.18 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
336-357 F22.19 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
359-380 E22.17 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
382-405 F24.20 --- summodxmed Best-fit combined flux correction and
transit model (median)
407-426 F20.18 --- summodxsd Error on best-fit combined flux correction
and transit model (standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: i_lco.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 41 F22.18 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
43- 60 F18.16 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
62- 83 F22.19 --- Airmass Airmass of star
85-106 F22.19 --- Entropy PSF fit model entropy from MuSCAT DRP
108-129 F22.19 --- Width PSF with from AstroImageJ
131-152 F22.19 --- X PSF x-centroid from AIJ
154-175 F22.19 --- Y PSF y-centroid from AIJ
177-198 F22.19 --- FWHM PSF full-width-half-maximum from AIJ
200-222 F23.20 --- compcts Total comparison star flux counts as
computed with AIJ
224-244 F21.18 --- g/r Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands g & r
246-267 F22.19 --- r/i Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands r & i
269-289 F21.18 --- i/z Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands i & z
291-312 F22.18 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
314-333 F20.18 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
335-356 F22.19 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
358-379 E22.17 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
381-402 F22.18 --- summodxmed Best-fit combined flux correction and
transit model (median)
404-423 F20.18 --- summodxsd Error on best-fit combined flux correction
and transit model (standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: z_lco.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 41 F22.18 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
43- 60 F18.16 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
62- 83 F22.19 --- Airmass Airmass of star
85-106 F22.19 --- Entropy PSF fit model entropy from MuSCAT DRP
108-129 F22.19 --- Width PSF with from AstroImageJ
131-152 F22.19 --- X PSF x-centroid from AIJ
154-176 F23.20 --- Y PSF y-centroid from AIJ
178-199 F22.19 --- FWHM PSF full-width-half-maximum from AIJ
201-222 F22.19 --- compcts Total comparison star flux counts as computed
with AIJ
224-245 F22.19 --- g/r Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands g & r
247-269 F23.20 --- r/i Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands r & i
271-292 F22.19 --- i/z Interpolated weighted flux normalised colour
ratio between MuSCAT3 bands i & z
294-315 F22.18 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
317-335 F19.17 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
337-358 F22.19 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
360-381 E22.17 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
383-404 F22.18 --- summodxmed Best-fit combined flux correction and
transit model (median)
406-424 F19.17 --- summodxsd Error on best-fit combined flux correction
and transit model (standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: r_sex.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 42 F23.19 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
44- 61 F18.15 --- e_Flux Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
63- 84 F22.19 --- Airmass Airmass of star
86-107 F22.19 --- Width PSF with from AstroImageJ
109-130 F22.19 --- X PSF x-centroid from AIJ
132-152 F21.18 --- Y PSF y-centroid from AIJ
154-174 F21.18 --- FWHM PSF full-width-half-maximum from AIJ
176-196 F21.18 --- compcts Total comparison star flux counts as
computed with AIJ
198-219 F22.18 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
221-238 F18.16 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
240-260 F21.18 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
262-281 F20.18 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
283-303 F21.17 --- summodxmed Best-fit combined flux correction and
transit model (median)
305-322 F18.16 --- summodxsd Error on best-fit combined flux correction
and transit model (standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: z_mcd.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 18 F18.13 d Time Barycentric Julian Date (BJD-2457000)
20- 42 F23.19 --- Flux Normalised aperture flux (in ppt)
44- 61 F18.13 --- e_Flux [] Flux standard deviation (in ppt)
63- 84 F22.19 --- Airmass Airmass of star
86-109 E24.17 --- Fluxcmed Best-fit flux correction model from linear
decorrelation of meta data (median)
111-128 F18.16 --- Fluxcsd Error on best-fit flux correction model from
linear decorrelation of meta data
(standard deviation)
130-132 F3.1 --- plxmed Best-fit planetary transit model (median)
134-136 F3.1 --- plxsd Error on best-fit planetary transit model
(standard deviation)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Hugh Osborn, hugh.osborn(at)unibe.ch
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 07-Mar-2022