J/A+A/663/A98 Young stars in star forming regions (Testi+, 2022)
The protoplanetary disk population in the rho-Ophiuchi region L1688 and the
time evolution of Class II YSOs.
Testi L., Natta A., Manara C.F., de Gregorio Monsalvo I., Lodato G.,
Lopez C., Muzic K., Pascucci I., Sanchis E., Santamaria Miranda A.,
Scholz A., De Simone M., Williams J.P.
<Astron. Astrophys. 663, A98 (2022)>
=2022A&A...663A..98T 2022A&A...663A..98T (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Protostars ; Millimetric/submm sources
Keywords: protoplanetary disks - submillimeter: planetary systems -
stars: formation
Abstract:
Planets form during the first few Myr of the evolution of the
star-disk system, possibly before the end of the embedded phase. The
properties of very young disks and their subsequent evolution reflect
the presence and properties of their planetary content.
We present a study of the Class II/F disk population in L1688, the
densest and youngest region of star formation in Ophiuchus. We also
compare it to other well-known nearby regions of different ages,
namely Lupus, Chamaeleon I, Corona Australis, Taurus and Upper
Scorpius.
We selected our L1688 sample using a combination of criteria
(available ALMA data, Gaia membership, and optical and near-IR
spectroscopy) to determine the stellar and disk properties,
specifically stellar mass (M*), average population age, mass accretion
rate (dM/dtacc) and disk dust mass (Mdust). We applied the same
procedure in a consistent manner to the other regions. Results. In
L1688 the relations between dM/dtacc and M*, Mdust and M*, and
dM/dtacc Mdust have a roughly linear trend with slopes 1.8-1.9 for
the first two relations and ∼1 for the third, which is similar to what
found in the other regions. When ordered according to the
characteristic age of each region, which ranging from ∼0.5 to ∼5Myr,
dM/dtacc as t-1, when corrected for the different stellar
mass content; Mdust follows roughly the same trend, ranging between
0.5 and 5Myr, but has an increase of a factor of ∼3 at ages of 2-3Myr.
We suggest that this could result from an earlier planet formation,
followed by collisional fragmentation that temporarily replenishes the
millimeter-size grain population. The dispersion of dM/dtacc and
Mdust around the best-fitting relation with M*, as well as that of
dM/dtacc Mdust are equally large. When adding all the regions
together to increase the statistical significance, we find that the
dispersions have continuous distributions with a log-normal shape and
similar widths (∼0.8dex).
This detailed study of L1688 confirms the general picture of Class
II/F disk properties and extends it to a younger age. The amount of
dust observed at ∼1Myr is not sufficient to assemble the majority of
planetary systems, which suggests an earlier formation process for
planetary cores. The dust mass traces to a large extent the disk gas
mass evolution, even if the ratio Mdust/Mdisk at the earliest age
(0.5-1Myr) is not known. Two properties are still not understood: the
steep dependence of dM/dtacc Mdust on M* and the cause of the large
dispersion in the three relations analyzed in this paper, in
particular that of the dM/dtacc Mdust relation.
Description:
Parameters of photospheres and disks surrounding young stars and Brown
Dwarfs in the star forming regions: L1688, Lupus, Upper Scorpius,
Chamaeleon I, Corona Australis, and Taurus
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
tablea1.dat 113 25 VLMS and BDs in L1688 with ALMA 0.89mm data
tableb1.dat 110 105 Properties of stars and disks in L1688
tablec1.dat 78 64 Properties of stars and disks in Lupus
tabled1.dat 78 74 Properties of stars and disks in Upper Scorpius
tablee1.dat 74 79 Properties of stars and disks in Chamaeleon I
tablef1.dat 61 36 Properties of stars and disks in Corona Australis
tableg1.dat 62 162 Properties of stars and disks in Taurus
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablea1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 18 A18 --- Name Object Name
22- 23 I2 h RAh Right Ascension (J2000)
25- 26 I2 min RAm Right Ascension (J2000)
28- 34 F7.4 s RAs Right Ascension (J2000)
36 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000)
37- 38 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000)
40- 41 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000)
43- 49 F7.4 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000)
51- 56 F6.2 pc d Distance
58- 62 A5 --- SpType Spectral Type
64- 67 I4 K Teff Effective Temperature
69- 72 F4.2 mag AK Extinction in K-band
74- 78 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lstar) Luminosity (Log10)
80- 83 F4.2 Msun Mstar Mass
85- 90 F6.3 mJy/beam Fpeak ?=- 0.89mm peak flux
92- 96 F5.3 mJy/beam e_Fpeak ? 0.89mm peak flux error
98 A1 --- l_Ftot Limit flag on Ftot
99-103 F5.2 mJy Ftot 0.89mm integrated flux
105-109 F5.3 mJy e_Ftot ? 0.89mm integrated flux error
111-113 A3 --- Ref [T16] Original reference for data
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 16 A16 --- Spitzer Spitzer Name (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS or Name)
18- 34 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS Name (HHMMSS.s+DDMMSS or
JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
36- 41 F6.2 pc d Distance
43- 47 A5 --- SpType Spectral Type
49- 54 F6.4 mag AJ Extinction in J-band
56- 59 I4 K Teff Effective Temperature
61- 65 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lstar) Luminosity (Log10)
67- 71 F5.3 [Msun] Mstar Mass
73- 74 A2 --- l_F225GHz [≤ ] Limit flag on F225GHz
75- 80 F6.2 mJy F225GHz 225GHz flux
82- 85 F4.2 mJy e_F225GHz ?=- 225GHz flux error
88- 93 F6.2 Mgeo Mdust Dust mass
95- 96 A2 --- l_log(Lacc) [≤ ] Limit flag on log(Lacc)
97-101 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lacc) ?=- Accretion luminosity (Log10)
103-104 A2 --- l_log(dMacc/dt) [≤ ] Limit flag on log(dMacc/dt)
105-110 F6.2 [Msun/yr] log(dMacc/dt) ?=- Mass accretion rate (Log10)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablec1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs or Name)
19- 24 F6.2 pc d Distance
26- 29 I4 K Teff Effective Temperature
31- 35 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lstar) Luminosity (Log10)
37- 40 F4.2 Msun Mstar Mass
42- 43 A2 --- l_F225GHz [≤ ] Limit flag on F225GHz
44- 49 F6.2 mJy F225GHz 225GHz Flux
51- 54 F4.2 mJy e_F225GHz ?=- 225GHz Flux error
56- 61 F6.2 Mgeo Mdust Dust mass
63- 64 A2 --- l_log(Lacc) [≤ ] Limit flag on log(Lacc)
65- 69 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lacc) Acc. Luminosity (Log10))
71- 72 A2 --- l_log(dMacc/dt) [≤ ] Limit flag on log(dMacc/dt)
73- 78 F6.2 [Msun/yr] log(dMacc/dt) Mass Acc. Rate (Log10)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tabled1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
19- 24 F6.2 pc d Distance
26- 29 I4 K Teff Effective Temperature
31- 35 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lstar) Luminosity (Log10))
37- 40 F4.2 Msun Mstar Mass (Msun)
42- 43 A2 --- l_F345GHz [≤ ] Limit flag on F345GHz
44- 49 F6.2 mJy F345GHz 345GHz flux
51- 54 F4.2 mJy e_F345GHz ?=- 345GHz flux error
56- 61 F6.2 Mgeo Mdust Dust mass (Mearth)
63- 64 A2 --- l_log(Lacc) [≤ ] Limit flag on log(Lacc)
65- 69 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lacc) ?=- Accretion Luminosity (Log10)
71- 72 A2 --- l_log(dMacc/dt) [≤ ] Limit flag on log(dMacc/dt)
73- 78 F6.2 [Msun/yr] log(dMacc/dt) ?=- Mass Accretion Rate (Log10))
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablee1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
19- 24 F6.2 pc d Distance
26- 29 I4 K Teff Effective temperature
31- 35 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lstar) Luminosity (Log10)
37- 40 F4.2 Msun Mstar Mass
42- 43 A2 --- l_F345GHz [≤ ] Limit flag on F345GHz
44- 50 F7.2 mJy F345GHz 345GHz flux
52- 55 F4.2 mJy e_F345GHz ?=- 345GHz Flux error
57- 61 F5.1 Mgeo Mdust Dust mass
63- 67 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lacc) Accretion luminosity (Log10)
69- 74 F6.2 [Msun/yr] log(dMacc/dt) Mass Accretion rate (Log10)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tablef1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 17 A17 --- 2MASS 2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)
19- 24 F6.2 pc d Distance
26- 30 I5 K Teff Effective temperature
32- 36 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lstar) Luminosity (Log10)
38- 41 F4.2 Msun Mstar Mass
43- 44 A2 --- l_F225GHz [≤ ] Limit flag on F225GHz
45- 50 F6.2 mJy F225GHz 225GHz flux
52- 55 F4.2 mJy e_F225GHz ?=- 225GHz flux error
57- 61 F5.2 Mgeo Mdust Dust mass
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableg1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 18 A18 --- 2MASS 2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSA)
20- 25 F6.2 pc d Distance
27- 30 I4 K Teff Effective Temperature
32- 36 F5.2 [Lsun] log(Lstar) Luminosity (Log10)
38- 41 F4.2 Msun Mstar Mass
43- 44 A2 --- l_F225GHz [≤ ] Limit flag on F225GHz
45- 50 F6.2 mJy F225GHz 225GHz flux
51- 55 F5.2 mJy e_F225GHz ?=- 225GHz flux error
57- 62 F6.1 Mgeo Mdust Dust mass
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Acknowledgements:
Leonardo Testi, ltesti(at)eso.org
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 11-Jan-2022