J/A+A/660/A69 S4G extension for nearby early-type galaxies (Watkins+, 2022)
Stellar masses, sizes, and radial profiles for 465 nearby early-type galaxies:
an extension to the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G).
Watkins A.E., Salo H., Laurikainen E., Diaz-Garcia S., Comeron S., Janz J.,
Su A.H., Buta R., Athanassoula E., Bosma A., Ho L. C., Holwerda B.W.,
Kim T., Knapen J. H., Laine S., Menendez-Delmestre K., Peletier R.F.,
Sheth K., Zaritsky D.
<Astron. Astrophys. 660, A69 (2022)>
=2022A&A...660A..69W 2022A&A...660A..69W (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Galaxies, nearby ; Morphology ; Photometry, infrared
Keywords: galaxies: evolution - galaxies: photometry -
galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD -
galaxies: structure - galaxies: statistics - galaxies: spiral
Abstract:
The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G) is a
detailed study of over 2300 nearby galaxies in the near-infrared
(NIR), which has been critical to our understanding of the detailed
structures of nearby galaxies. Because the sample galaxies were
selected only using radio-derived velocities, however, the survey
favored late-type disk galaxies over lenticulars and ellipticals.
A follow-up Spitzer survey was conducted to rectify this bias, adding
465 early-type galaxies (ETGs) to the original sample, to be analyzed
in a manner consistent with the initial survey. We present the data
release of this ETG extension, up to the third data processing
pipeline (P3): surface photometry.
We produce curves of growth and radial surface brightness profiles
(with and without inclination corrections) using reduced and masked
Spitzer IRAC 3.6um and 4.5um images produced through Pipelines 1 and
2, respectively. From these profiles, we derive the following
integrated quantities: total magnitudes, stellar masses, concentration
parameters, and galaxy size metrics. We showcase NIR scaling relations
for ETGs among these quantities.
We examine general trends across the whole S4G and ETG extension among
our derived parameters, highlighting differences between ETGs and
late-type galaxies (LTGs). ETGs are, on average, more massive and more
concentrated than LTGs, and also show subtle distinctions among ETG
morphological sub-types. We also derive the following scaling
relations and compare with previous results in visible light:
mass-size (both half-light and isophotal), mass-concentration,
mass-surface brightness (central, effective, and within 1kpc), and
mass-color.
We find good agreement with previous works, though some relations
(e.g., mass-central surface brightness) will require more careful
multi-component decompositions to be fully understood. The relations
between mass and isophotal radius and between mass and surface
brightness within 1kpc, in particular, show notably small scatter. The
former provides important constraints on the limits of size growth in
galaxies, possibly related to star formation thresholds, while the
latter-particularly when paired with the similarly tight relation
for LTGs-showcases the striking self-similarity of galaxy cores,
suggesting these evolve little over cosmic time. All of the profiles
and parameters described in this paper will be provided to the
community via the NASA/IPAC database on a dedicated website.
Description:
Photometric quantities for 465 galaxies newly observed with the
Spitzer Space Telescope in 3.6 and 4.5 microns as an extension to the
S4G (Sheth et al., 2010PASP..122.1397S 2010PASP..122.1397S, Cat. J/PASP/122/1397). The
primary table also includes additional quantities from the HyperLEDA
and NED databases (not linked, hence may be out of date). Photometric
quantities follow the S4G Pipeline 3 (Munoz-Mateos et al.,
2015ApJS..219....3M 2015ApJS..219....3M), with some modifications made to account for the
more highly variable behavior of ETG light profiles, and include
values derived from radial surface brightness profiles and curves of
growth. Additionally, we include CVRHS morphological classifications
for all the new galaxies, following Buta et al. (2015ApJS..217...32B 2015ApJS..217...32B,
Cat. J/ApJS/217/32).
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
s4getgp3.dat 775 465 Early-type galaxy extension to the S4G
etgcvrhs.dat 72 465 CVRHS classifications for newly observed S4G
early-type galaxies (table A1)
listimg.dat 103 2764 List of fits images
fits/* . 2764 Individual fits images for 460 galaxies
listell.dat 239 457 List of P3 profile files in subdirectory ellipse
ellipse/* . 2733 Individual P3 profile files for 457 galaxies
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
J/PASP/122/1397 : Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (Sheth+ 2010)
J/ApJS/217/32 : S4G galaxy morphologies in the CVRHS system (Buta+, 2015)
Description of file: ellipse/*
Content of the P3 profile files. The first 40 columns are the
default output from ellipse. From here you can trust geometrical
parameters like the ellipticity, the position angle, the harmonic
coefficients, etc. However, for all brightness-related quantities
such as the intensity at a given isophote, the corresponding surface
brightness, the accumulated flux or magnitude, etc., you should use
the P3-specific values at the end. These include the aperture
corrections that need to be applied on IRAC data (hence the "_COR"
subscript).
ETG-catalog-specific values are also included. These are aperture-
corrected values akin to the _COR parameters, but using a revised
correction as described in the paper.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Col Unit Label Explanations
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 pix SMA Semi-major axis length (pixel)
2 --- INTENS Mean isophotal intensity
3 --- INT_ERR Error in isophotal intensity
(RMS / sqrt(NDATA))
4 --- PIX_VAR Estimate of pixel variance
(RMS * sqrt(SAREA))
5 --- RMS Root-mean-square scatter around isophotal
intensity
6 --- ELLIP Ellipticity
7 --- ELLIP_ERR Ellipticity error
8 deg PA Position angle (degrees counterclokwise
from +y)
9 deg PA_ERR Position angle error
10 pix X0 Ellipse X center (pixel)
11 pix X0_ERR Error of ellipse X center (pixel)
12 pix Y0 Ellipse Y center (pixel)
13 pix Y0_ERR Error of ellipse Y center (pixel)
14 --- GRAD Local radial intensity gradient
15 --- GRAD_ERR Gradient error
16 --- GRADRERR Gradient relative error
17 --- RSMA (semi-major axis length) ** 1/4
18 mag MAG Mean isophotal magnitude
19 mag MAG_LERR Lower magnitude errors
20 mag MAG_UERR Upper magnitude errors
21 --- TFLUX_E Total flux enclosed by ellipse
22 --- TFLUX_C Total flux enclosed by circle
23 mag TMAG_E Total flux enclosed by ellipse,
in magnitudes
24 mag TMAG_C Total flux enclosed by circle,
in magnitudes
25 --- NPIX_E Total number of valid pixels inside ellipse
26 --- NPIX_C Total number of valid pixels inside circle
27 --- A3 3rd harmonic deviations from ellipse
28 --- A3_ERR 3rd harmonic deviation errors
29 --- B3 3rd harmonic deviations from ellipse
30 --- B3_ERR 3rd harmonic deviation errors
31 --- A4 4th harmonic deviations from ellipse
32 --- A4_ERR 4th harmonic deviation errors
33 --- B4 4th harmonic deviations from ellipse
34 --- B4_ERR 4th harmonic deviation errors
35 --- NDATA Number of valid data points on isophote
36 --- NFLAG Number of flagged data points on isophote
37 --- NITER Number of iterations
38 --- STOP Stop condition code
39 --- A_BIG Maximum (in abs. value) among 1st and 2nd
40 pix SAREA Average sector area on isophote (pixel)
------ P3-specific columns -------
41 arcsec REQ Equivalent radius, sqrt(a*b) (arcsec)
42 --- NPX Number of pixels within isophote
43 MJy/str INTENS_COR Aperture-corrected intensity along isophote
(MJy/str)
44 MJy/str TFLUXECOR Aperture-corrected flux inside isophote
(MJy/str)
45 mag/arcsec+2 SB Surface brightness (AB mag/arcsec^2)
46 mag/arcsec+2 SB_COR Aperture-corrected surface brightness
(AB mag/arcsec^2)
47 mag TMAG Magnitude inside aperture (AB mag)
48 mag TMAG_COR Aperture-corrected magnitude inside
aperture (AB mag)
49 MJy/str ESKY Contribution of the sky to the SB error
(MJy/str)
50 MJy/str ETSKY Contribution of the sky to the TFLUX error
(MJy/str)
51 arcsec PSMA Radius along semimajor axis (arcsec)
52 mag/arcsec+2 ESB Error in SB (AB mag/arcsec^2)
53 mag/arcsec+2 ESB_COR Error in SB_COR (AB mag/arcsec^2)
54 mag ETMAG Error in TMAG (AB mag)
55 mag ETMAG_COR Error in TMAG_COR (AB mag)
------ ETG-specific columns -------
56 MJy/str INTENSCORREV Revised aperture-corrected intensity along
isophote (MJy/str)
57 mag/arcsec+2 SBCORREV Revised aperture-corrected surface
brightness (AB mag/arcsec^2)
58 mag/arcsec+2 ESBCORREV Error in SBCORREV (AB mag/arcsec^2)
59 MJy/str TFLUXECOR_REV Revised aperture-corrected flux inside
isophote (MJy/str)
60 mag TMAGCORREV Revised aperture-corrected magnitude inside
aperture (AB mag)
61 mag ETMAGCORREV Error in TMAGCORREV (AB mag)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: s4getgp3.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- Name Galaxy name
25- 31 F7.3 mag mag1 [8.16/15.27]? Asymptotic magnitude at
3.6um (AB)
33- 38 F6.3 mag e_mag1 [0.0/0.12]? Growth-curve fitting error
in mag1 (AB)
40- 45 F6.3 mag se_mag1 [0.0/0.25]? Local sky-subtraction error
on mag1 (AB)
47- 54 F8.3 mag MAG1 [-23.0/-9.04]? Absolute magnitude at
3.6 microns (AB)
56- 62 F7.3 mag mag2 [8.68/15.54]? Asymptotic magnitude at
4.5 microns (AB)
64- 69 F6.3 mag e_mag2 [0.0/0.22]? Growth-curve fitting error
in mag2 (AB)
71- 76 F6.3 mag se_mag2 [0.0/0.44]? Local sky-subtraction error
on mag2 (AB)
78- 85 F8.3 mag MAG2 [-22.49/-8.59]? Absolute magnitude at
4.5 microns (AB)
87- 93 F7.3 --- c31-1 [1.91/12.99]? r75/r25 concentration index
at 3.6 microns
95-100 F6.3 --- c42-1 [1.8/6.52]? 5*log10(r80/r20)
concentration index at 3.6 microns
102-108 F7.3 --- c31-2 [2.19/13.11]? r75/r25 concentration index
at 4.5 microns
110-115 F6.3 --- c42-2 [2.07/6.66]? 5*log10(r80/r20)
concentration index at 4.5 microns
117-123 F7.3 [Msun] logMstar [5.76/11.39]? log10(stellar mass)
125-131 F7.3 Mpc dmean [-1.03/86.48]? Mean redshift-independent
distance
133-140 F8.3 arcsec re1 [2.0/273.09]? Effective (half-light)
radius at 3.6 microns
142-149 F8.3 arcsec re2 [2.0/101.34]? Effective (half-light)
radius at 3.6 microns
151-156 F6.3 MJy/sr sky1 [-0.03/0.15]? Sky level at 3.6 microns
158-163 F6.3 MJy/sr s_sky1 [0.0/0.04]? Local, pixel-to-pixel noise
at 3.6 microns
165-170 F6.3 MJy/sr e_sky1 ? Large scale sky noise at 3.6 microns
172-177 F6.3 MJy/sr sky2 [-0.08/0.41] Sky level at 4.5 microns
179-183 F5.3 MJy/sr s_sky2 Local, pixel-to-pixel noise
at 4.5 microns
185-189 F5.3 MJy/sr e_sky2 Large scale sky noise at 4.5 microns
191-201 F11.6 arcsec sma1-25p5 [31.8/632.02]? Semi-major axis at
mu3.6=25.5 AB mag/arcsec2
203-213 F11.6 arcsec sma2-25p5 [28.76/595.22]? Semi-major axis at
mu4.5=25.5 AB mag/arcsec2
215-224 F10.6 deg PA1-25p5 [-89.86/89.97]? Position angle at
mu3.6=25.5 AB mag/arcsec2
226-235 F10.6 deg PA2-25p5 [-89.14/89.31]? Position angle at
mu4.5=25.5 AB mag/arcsec2
237-245 F9.6 --- ell1-25p5 [0.0/0.74]? Ellipticity (1-b/a) at
mu3.6=25.5 AB mag/arcsec2
247-255 F9.6 --- ell2-25p5 [0.02/0.78]? Ellipticity (1-b/a) at
mu4.5=25.5 AB mag/arcsec2
257-267 F11.6 arcsec sma1-26p5 [35.87/824.65]? Semi-major axis at
mu3.6= 26.5 AB mag/arcsec2
269-279 F11.6 arcsec sma2-26p5 [33.55/725.53]? Semi-major axis at
mu4.5=26.5 AB mag/arcsec2
281-290 F10.6 deg PA1-26p5 [-89.81/89.89]? Position angle at
mu3.6=26.5 AB mag/arcsec2
292-301 F10.6 deg PA2-26p5 [-89.13/89.1]? Position angle at
mu4.5=26.5 AB mag/arcsec2
303-311 F9.6 --- ell1-26p5 [0.0/0.75]? Ellipticity (1-b/a) at
mu3.6=26.5 AB mag/arcsec2
313-321 F9.6 --- ell2-26p5 [0.02/0.78]? Ellipticity (1-b/a) at
mu4.5=26.5 AB mag/arcsec2
323-331 F9.6 h RAhours [0.55/23.6] Right ascension (J2000)
333-342 F10.6 deg DEdeg [-80.01/75.53] Declination (J2000)
344-347 A4 --- TType Optical Hubble type
349 A1 --- Bar [B] Bar presence ("B")
NULL does not necessarily mean unbarred!
351 A1 --- Ring [R] Ring presence ("R")
NULL does not necessarily mean no ring!
353 A1 --- Mult [M] Multiple system ("M")
355 A1 --- Compact [CD] Compacness (C=Compact, D=Diffuse)
NULL just means not classified!
357-361 F5.1 --- Ttype [-5.0/10.0] Morphological type code
363-365 F3.1 --- e_Ttype [0.3/5.7] Error on Ttype
367-371 F5.3 [0.1arcmin] logd25 [1.0/2.57] log10 of apparent diameter
(d25 in 0.1')
373-377 F5.3 [0.1arcmin] e_logd25 [0.01/0.18] Error on logd25
379-385 F7.2 deg PA [0.1/179.29]? Major axis position angle
at mu_B-=25mag/arcsec2
387-393 F7.3 mag/arcsec2 SuBrBeff [18.42/26.63]? Mean effective surface
brightness in the B band
395-400 F6.3 mag/arcsec2 e_SuBrBeff [0.16/1.73]? Error on brief
402-407 F6.3 mag Bmag [9.03/15.85] Total B-magnitude
409-413 F5.3 mag e_Bmag [0.02/1.42] Error on Bmag
415-421 F7.3 mag Imag [7.89/16.16]? Total I-magnitude
423-428 F6.3 mag e_Imag [0.04/3.18]? Error on Imag
430-435 F6.3 mag U-B [-0.51/0.69]? Effective U-B color
437-442 F6.3 mag B-V [0.27/1.22]? Effective B-V color
444-450 F7.2 km/s Vmaxg [3.59/330.43]? Apparent maximum rotation
velocity of gas
452-457 F6.2 km/s e_Vmaxg [0.81/38.48]? Error on vmaxg
459-465 F7.2 km/s sigma [5.77/387.24]? Central velocity
dispersion
467-472 F6.2 km/s e_sigma [0.33/88.0]? Error on sigma
474-479 F6.3 mag Mg2 [0.07/0.34]? Central Mg2 Lick index
481-486 F6.3 mag e_Mg2 [0.0/0.17]? Error on mg2
488-494 F7.3 mag m21 [11.95/19.55]? 21-cm line flux in
magnitude (see definition in text)
496-501 F6.3 mag e_m21 [0.09/0.6]? Error on m21
503-509 F7.3 mag FIRmag [10.46/14.2]? Far infrared magnitude
(see definition in text)
511-517 F7.1 km/s HRVr [29.0/6330.0]? Heliocentric radial
velocity from radio measurement
519-523 F5.1 km/s e_HRVr [3.1/77.6]? Error on HRVr
525-531 F7.1 km/s HRVo [-295.61/4299.5] Heliocentric radial
velocity from optical measurement
533-536 F4.1 km/s e_HRVo [0.4/75.0] Error on HRVo
538-544 F7.1 km/s HRV [-295.61/6330.0] Mean heliocentric radial
velocity
546-549 F4.1 km/s e_HRV [0.4/75.0] Error on HRV
551-555 F5.3 mag ABg [0.02/1.04] Galactic extinction in
B magnitude
557-561 F5.3 mag ABi Extinction due to inclination in
B magnitude
563-567 F5.2 deg Incl Inclination between line of sight and
polar axis
569-572 F4.2 mag a21 [0.02/0.83] 21-cm self absorption in
magnitude
574-578 F5.3 [0.1arcmin] logdc [1.0/2.58] log10 of apparent corrected
diameter (dc in 0.1')
580-585 F6.3 mag Bmagc [8.93/15.56] Total apparent corrected
B-magnitude
587-592 F6.3 mag U-Bc [-0.37/0.74]? Total apparent corrected
U-B color
594-599 F6.3 mag B-Vc [0.41/0.99]? Total apparent corrected
B-V color
601-606 F6.3 mag/arcsec2 SuBr25 [19.5/28.94] Mean surface brightness
within isophote 25
608-614 F7.2 km/s Vrot [4.59/339.54]? Maximum velocity rotation
616-621 F6.2 km/s e_Vrot [1.42/27.1]? Error on vrot
623-629 F7.3 mag m21c [11.93/19.5]? Corrected 21-cm line flux
in magnitude (see text)
631-636 F6.3 mag HIc [-0.73/7.8]? 21-cm index Bmag-m21c in
magnitude
638-644 F7.1 km/s Vlg [-193.6/6142.3] Radial velocity with
respect to the Local Group
646-652 F7.1 km/s Vgsr [-143.7/6218.1] Radial velocity with
respect to the GSR
654-660 F7.1 km/s Vvir [-219.2/6322.7] Radial velocity corrected
for Virgocentric infall
662-668 F7.1 km/s V3k [-340.6/6644.3] Radial velocity with
respect to the CMB radiation
670-676 F7.3 mag modz [29.52/34.83]? Redshift distance modulus
678-683 F6.3 mag e_modz [0.17/2.12]? Error on modz
685-691 F7.3 mag mod0 [19.53/33.78]? True distance modulus
(from parameters)
693-698 F6.3 mag e_mod0 [0.01/0.68]? Error on mod0
700-706 F7.3 mag BMAG [-21.85/-7.39]? Absolute B-magnitude
708-713 F6.3 mag e_BMAG [0.05/2.11]? Error on mabs
715-723 F9.6 mag/arcsec lim1-1 [-0.18/0.0]? Inner linear fitting limit
on growth-curve extrapolation at
3.6 microns, dMag/dRad (AB)
725-733 F9.6 mag/arcsec lim2-1 [-0.03/0.02]? Outer linear fitting limit
on growth-curve extrapolation at
3.6 microns, dMag/dRad (AB)
735-743 F9.6 mag/arcsec lim1-2 [-0.1/0.0]? Inner linear fitting limit on
growth-curve extrapolation at
4.5 microns, dMag/dRad (AB)
745-753 F9.6 mag/arcsec lim2-2 ? Outer linear fitting limit on
growth-curve extrapolation at
4.5 microns, dMag/dRad (AB)
755-760 F6.2 Mpc dstd ? Standard deviation of all
redshift-independent distances
762-767 F6.2 Mpc dmin [0.05/68.0]? Minimum redshift-independent
distance
769-775 F7.2 Mpc dmax [0.1/128.0]? Maximum redshift-independent
distance
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: etgcvrhs.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 23 A23 --- Name Galaxy name
25- 47 A23 --- CVRHS Classification in system of Buta et al.
(2015ApJS..217...32B 2015ApJS..217...32B, Cat. J/ApJS/217/32)
49- 56 A8 --- outer ? Outer feature type
58 I1 --- family [0/4]? Numerical family index
(0=SA, 1=SAB, 2=SAB, 3=SAB, 4=SB)
60- 69 A10 --- inner ? Inner feature type
71- 72 I2 --- stage [-6/11]? T-type (RC3 scale)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: listimg.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Name Galaxy name
12- 20 F9.5 deg RAdeg Right Ascension of center (J2000)
21- 29 F9.5 deg DEdeg Declination of center (J2000)
31- 34 F4.2 arcsec/pix Scale ? Scale of the image
36- 39 I4 --- Nx Number of pixels along X-axis
41- 44 I4 --- Ny Number of pixels along Y-axis
46- 50 I5 Kibyte size Size of FITS file
52- 79 A28 --- FileName Name of FITS file, in subdirectory fits
81-103 A23 --- Title Title of the FITS file
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: listell.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- Name Galaxy name
12- 43 A32 ---- FileName1 Name of P3 profile file in subdirectory ellipse
45- 76 A32 ---- FileName2 Name of P3 profile file in subdirectory ellipse
78-109 A32 ---- FileName3 Name of P3 profile file in subdirectory ellipse
111-142 A32 ---- FileName4 Name of P3 profile file in subdirectory ellipse
143-175 A33 ---- FileName5 Name of P3 profile file in subdirectory ellipse
176-208 A33 ---- FileName6 Name of P3 profile file in subdirectory ellipse
210-239 A30 ---- FileName7 Name of P3 profile file in subdirectory ellipse
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acknowledgements:
Aaron Emery Watkins, a.emery.watkins(at)gmail.com
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 31-Jan-2022