J/A+A/659/A188 4XMM-DR9-HECATE-based ULX catalogue (Bernadich+, 2022)
An expanded ultraluminous X-ray source catalogue,
Bernadich M.C.i., Schwope A.D., Kovlakas K., Zezas A., Traulsen I.
<Astron. Astrophys. 659, A188 (2022)>
=2022A&A...659A.188B 2022A&A...659A.188B (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Binaries, X-ray
Keywords: accretion, accretion disks - black hole physics - catalogs -
stars: black holes - X-rays: binaries
Abstract:
Ultraluminous X-ray sources (LX>1x1039erg/s, ULXs) are excellent
probes for extreme accretion physics, star formation history in
galaxies, and intermediate-mass black holes searches. As the sample
size of X-ray data from modern observatories such as XMM-Newton and
Chandra increases, producing extensive catalogues of ULXs and studying
their collective properties has become both a possibility and a
priority.
Our aim is to build a clean updated ULX catalogue based on one of the
most recent XMM-Newton X-ray serendipitous survey data releases,
4XMM-DR9, and the most recent and exhaustive catalogue of nearby
galaxies, HECATE. We performed a preliminary population study to test
if the properties of the expanded XMM-Newton ULX population are
consistent with previous findings.
We performed positional cross-matches between XMM-Newton sources and
HECATE objects to identify host galaxies, and we used distance and
luminosity arguments to identify ULX candidates. We flagged
interlopers by finding known counterparts in external catalogues and
databases such as Gaia DR2 SSDS, Pan-STARRS1, the NASA/IPAC
Extragalactic Database, and SIMBAD. Source, galaxy and variability
parameters from 4XMM-DR9, HECATE, and 4XMM-DR9s were used to study the
spectral, abundances and variability properties of the ULX sample.
We identify 779 ULX candidates, 94 of which hold LX>5x1040erg/s.
Spiral galaxies are more likely to host ULXs. For early spiral
galaxies the number of ULX candidates per star-forming rate is
consistent with previous studies, while a significant ULX population
in elliptical and lenticular galaxies also exists. Candidates hosted
by late-type galaxies tend to present harder spectra and to undergo
more extreme inter-observation variability than those hosted by
early-type galaxies. Approximately 30 candidates with LX>1x1041erg/s
are also identified, constituting the most interesting candidates for
intermediate-mass black hole searches.
We have built the largest ULX catalogue to date. Our results on the
spectral and abundance properties of ULXs confirm the findings made by
previous studies based on XMM-Newton and Chandra data, while our
population-scale study on variability properties is unprecedented. Our
study, however, provides limited insight into the properties of the
brightest ULX candidates due to the small sample size. The expected
growth of X-ray catalogues and potential future follow-ups will aid in
drawing a clearer picture.
Description:
This catalogue includes all the detection entries of point-like
(SC_EXTENT<6") and high detection likelihood (SCDETML>8) sources in
4XMM-DR9 that overlap with the isophotal ellipses of galaxies
presented in HECATE. 4XMM-DR9s is also included to get variability
parameters from overlapping observations.
In addition, interloper information found in Gaia DR2, Tycho 2,
SDSS-DR14, the Veron-Cetty and Veron QSO catalogue, SIMBAD, PanSTARRS1
and the Nasa/IPAC Extragalactic Database is included.
The main objective of this catalogue is to identify ultraluminous
X-ray source (ULX) candidates.
To go straight to a list of ULX candidates, the user must simply
choose all sources/detections with ULX_CAND=1 (LX>1x1039erg/s).
brightULX_CAND=1 selects the subset of bright candidates
(LX>5x1040erg/s).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
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ReadMe 80 . This file
ulx-xmm9.dat 1297 50446 All entries, including ULX candidates
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See also:
I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)
I/259 : The Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog+ 2000)
II/349 : The Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)
VII/286 : SDSS quasar catalog, fourteenth data release (Paris+, 2018)
VII/258 : Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei (13th Ed.) (Veron+ 2010)
IX/59 : XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue 4XMM-DR9 (Webb+, 2020)
IX/61 : 4XMM-DR9s serendipitous source catalogue from stacks (Traulsen+ 2020)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: ulx-xmm9.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 15 I15 --- DETID Detection ID label/number (1)
17- 31 I15 --- SRCID Source ID label/number (1)
33- 54 A22 --- DET+PGC-ID SRCID + PGC label/number
56- 77 A22 --- SRC+PGC-ID SRCID + PGC label/number
79- 88 A10 --- ObsID XMM-Newton observation ID (1)
90- 107 F18.14 deg RAdeg Right ascension (J2000) of
detection (1)
109- 130 F22.18 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000) of
detection (1)
132- 140 F9.6 arcsec e_pos Detection RA/DEC uncertainty
142- 152 E11.6 mW/m2 Flux8 0.2-12 keV X-ray flux of
detection (EP8FLUX) (1)
154- 164 E11.6 mW/m2 e_Flux8 Flux8 uncertainty (1)
166 I1 --- SumFlag Detection quality flag (1)
168- 185 F18.14 deg RASCdeg Right ascension (J2000) of
source (1)
187- 208 F22.18 deg DESCdeg Declination (J2000) of source (1)
210- 218 F9.7 arcsec e_SCpos SCRA/SCDEC uncertainty (1)
220 A1 --- MatchFlag Galaxy flag of source
222 I1 --- NGal Number of possible source hosts
224- 247 F24.18 arcsec CentDist Distance of detection from host
center
249- 274 F26.19 arcsec MinCentDist CentDist - e_pos
276- 299 F24.18 arcsec SCCenterDist Distance of source from host
center
301- 323 E23.16 arcsec MinSCCentDist SCCentDist - e_SCpos
325- 346 E22.17 10-7W Lum X-ray detection luminosity from
Flux8 and Dist
348- 369 E22.17 10-7W e_Lum Luminosity uncertainty
371- 392 E22.17 10-7W SCLum X-ray source luminosity from
SCFlux8 and Dist
394- 415 E22.17 10-7W e_SCLum SCLum uncertainty
417- 430 F14.5 --- srcML Detection likelihood of
source (1)
432- 442 E11.6 mW/m2 SCFlux8 0.2-12 keV X-ray flux of
source (1)
444- 454 E11.6 mW/m2 e_SCFlux8 SCFlux8 uncertainty (1)
456- 468 E13.6 --- SCHR1 ?=- 0.5-1 to 0.2-0.5 keV source
hardness ratio (1)
470- 487 F18.9 --- e_SCHR1 ?=- SCHR1 uncertainty (1)
489- 500 F12.9 --- SCHR2 ?=- 1-2 to 0.5-1 keV source
hardness ratio (1)
502- 512 E11.6 --- e_SCHR2 ?=- SCHR2 uncertainty (1)
514- 526 E13.6 --- SCHR3 ?=- 2-4.5 to 1-2 keV source
hardness ratio (1)
528- 542 F15.9 --- e_SCHR3 ?=- SCHR3 uncertainty (1)
544- 556 E13.6 --- SCHR4 ?=- 4.5-12 to 2-4.5 keV source
hardness ratio (1)
558- 571 F14.9 --- e_SCHR4 ?=- SCHR4 uncertainty (1)
573 I1 --- SCS Source quality flag (1)
575- 576 I2 --- NDet Number of source detections (1)
578- 584 I7 --- PGC PGC galaxy identification
number (2)
586- 615 A30 --- HyperLEDA HyperLEDA galaxy name (2)
617- 637 F21.17 deg RAHdeg Righ ascension (J2000) of galaxy
center (2)
639- 647 E9.3 deg DEHdeg Declination (J2000) of galaxy
center (2)
649- 653 F5.1 --- T ?=- Hubble type value of
galaxy (2)
655- 657 F3.1 --- e_T ?=- T uncertainty (2)
659- 680 F22.18 arcmin r1 Major isophotal radius of
galaxy (2)
682- 704 F23.19 arcmin r2 Minor isophotal radius of
galaxy (2)
706- 712 F7.2 deg PA [] North-to-east position angle
of galaxy (2)
714- 734 F21.17 Mpc Dist Distance to galaxy (2)
736- 756 F21.18 Mpc e_Dist Distance uncertainty (2)
758- 775 A18 --- ContFlag Catalogue of interloper
777- 873 A97 --- ContID Interloper ID in original
catalogue (3)
875- 890 F16.12 --- RAideg ?=- Righ ascension (J2000) of
interloper (3)
892- 912 F21.17 --- DEideg ?=- Declination (J2000) of
interloper (3)
914- 930 A17 --- ObjType Nature of interloper (3)
932- 954 F23.18 arcsec ContDist ?=- Distance of detection from
interloper
956- 978 F23.18 arcsec SCContDist ?=- Distance of source from
interloper
980-1000 F21.17 deg SCGLON Galactic longitude of source
1002-1021 F20.16 deg SCGLAT Galactic latitude of source
1023-1043 F21.17 deg GLONH Galactic longitude of source
1045-1065 F21.17 deg GLATH Galactic latitude of source
1067 I1 --- Qual [0/1] Source of quality flag (5)
1069 I1 --- ULXRegime [0/1] Source in ULX luminosity
regime flag (5)
1071 I1 --- ULXCert [0/1] Source in ULX regime with
certainty flag (5)
1073 I1 --- ULXCand [0/1] ULX candidate flag (5)
1075 I1 --- brightULXRegime [0/1] Source in bright ULX
luminosity regime flag (5)
1077 I1 --- brightULXCert [0/1] Source in ULX luminosity
regime with certainty flag (5)
1079 I1 --- brightULXCand [0/1] Bright ULX candidate
flag (5)
1081-1096 I16 --- 4XMM-DR9s ?=- 4XMM-DR9s source ID (4)
1098-1117 F20.16 deg RA4deg ?=- Righ ascension (J2000)
of 4XMM-DR9s source (4)
1119-1140 F22.18 deg DE4deg ?=- Declination (J2000)
of 4XMM-DR9s source (4)
1142-1155 F14.11 arcsec e_pos4 ?=- RAstacks/DECstacks
uncertainty (4)
1157-1158 I2 --- NContrib ?=- Number of contributions of
source in 4XMM-DR9 (4)
1160-1182 E23.17 --- VarProb ?=- Probability of source not
showing inter-observation
variability (4)
1184-1196 F13.7 --- Fratio ?=- Max-to-min observed flux of
source (4)
1198-1216 F19.10 --- e_Fratio ?=- Fratio uncertainty (4)
1218 I1 --- 38ss [0/1] Lx=1e38 erg/s sub-sample
flag (6)
1220 I1 --- 39ss [0/1] Lx=1e39 erg/s sub-sample
flag (6)
1222 I1 --- 5x40ss [0/1] Lx=5e40 erg/s sub-sample
flag (6)
1224 I1 --- cULXss [0/1] Complete ULX sub-sample
flag (6)
1226 I1 --- cbULXss [0/1] Complete bright ULX
sub-sample flag (6)
1228-1255 A28 --- ID NED galaxy ID (2)
1257-1278 F22.19 [Msun/yr] logSFR ?=- Logarithm of galaxy
star-formation rate (2)
1280-1297 F18.15 [Msun] logM ?=- Logarith of galaxy stellar
mass (2)
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Note (1): column original from 4XMM-DR9 (Webb et al., 2020, Cat. IX/59).
Note (2): column original from HECATE (Kovlakas et al., 2021MNRAS.506.1896K 2021MNRAS.506.1896K).
Note (3): from interloper catalogues,
4XMM-DR9 (Webb et al., 2020, Cat. IX/59),
4XMM-DR9s (Traulsen et al., 2020, Cat. IX/61),
Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018, Cat. I/345),
Tycho-2 Catalogue (Hog et al., 2020, Cat. I/259),
SDSS QSO DR14 (Paris et al., 2018, Cat. VII/286),
Quasars & Active Galactic Nuclei, 13th Ed. (Veron et al., 2010, Cat. VII/258),
Pan-STARRS DR1 (Chambers et al., 2016, Cat. II/349),
Heraklion Extragalactic Catalogue (Kovlakas et al., 2021MNRAS.506.1896K 2021MNRAS.506.1896K),
NED database (Helou et al., 1991ASSL..171...89H 1991ASSL..171...89H, http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu).
Note (4): column original from 4XMM-DR9s (Traulsen et al., 2020, Cat. IX/61).
Note (5): Definitions:
- ULXRegime (brightULXRegime):
One detection with Lum + e_Lum > 1x1039 (or 5x1040) erg/s
puts the object inside of the (bright) ULX luminosity regime, as defined in
point 1) of section 3.2 of the paper.
- Qual:
A source of quality holds points 2) to 5) from section 3.2 of the paper.
- ULXCert (brightULXCert):
SCLum - e_SCLum > 1x1039 (or 5x1040) erg/s. Just a certainty
flag for sources in the (bright) ULX regime.
- ULXCand (brightULXCand):
Qual & ULXRegime (Qual & brightULXRegime). This indicates our
(bright) ULX candidates.
Note (6): luminosity sub-samples are complete sub-samples of sources of quality.
The complete (bright) ULX sub-samples are (bright) ULX candidates in the 39ss
(5x40ss) sub-samples. Full details in section 3.4 in the paper.
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Acknowledgements:
Miquel Colom i Bernadich, mcbernadich(at)mpifr-bonn.mpg.de
Axel D. Schwope, aschwope(at)aip.de
Konstantinos Kovlakas, kkovlakas(at)physics.uoc.gr
Andreas Zezas, azezas(at)physics.uoc.gr
Iris Traulsen, itraulsen(at)aip.de
References:
Kovlakas et al., 2021MNRAS.506.1896K 2021MNRAS.506.1896K,
The Heraklion Extragalactic Catalogue (HECATE): a value-added galaxy
catalogue for multimessenger astrophysics
Helou et al., 1991ASSL..171...89H 1991ASSL..171...89H, The NASA/IPAC extragalactic database
(End) Miquel Colom i Bernadich [MPIFR, Bonn], Patricia Vannier [CDS] 03-Dec-2021