J/A+A/641/A62 Multi-wavelength census of blazars (Paggi+, 2020)
A new multi-wavelength census of blazars.
Paggi A., Bonato M., Raiteri C.M., Villata M., De Zotti G., Carnerero M.I.
<Astron. Astrophys. 641, A62 (2020)>
=2020A&A...641A..62P 2020A&A...641A..62P (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Active gal. nuclei ; X-ray sources
Keywords: catalogs - galaxies: active
Abstract:
Blazars are the rarest and most powerful active galactic nuclei,
playing a crucial and growing role in today multi-frequency and
multi-messenger astrophysics. They dominate the high-energy extragalactic
sky and recently have been associated to high-energy astrophysical
neutrinos, and they may be among the accelerators of the ultra-high energy
cosmic rays. Current blazar catalogs, however, are incomplete and
particularly depleted at low Galactic latitudes.
We aim at augmenting the current blazar census starting from a sample
of ALMA calibrators that provides more homogeneous sky coverage,
especially at low Galactic latitudes, to build a catalog of blazar
candidates that can provide candidate counterparts to unassociated
gamma-ray sources and to sources of high-energy neutrino emission or
ultra-high energy cosmic rays.
Starting from the ALMA Calibrator Catalog we built a catalog of 1580
blazar candidates (ALMA Blazar Candidates) for which we collect
multi-wavelength information, including Gaia photometric, parallax and
proper motion data, SDSS and LAMOST photometric and spectral data,
WISE photometric data, X-ray (Swift-XRT, Chandra-ACIS and
XMM-Newton-EPIC) count-rates and spectra, and Fermi-LAT fluxes and
spectral slopes. We also compared our ALMA Blazar Candidates with
existing blazar catalogs, like 4FGL, 3HSP, WIBRaLS2 and the KDEBLLACS.
The ALMA Blazar Candidates catalogue fills the lack of low Galactic
latitude sources in current blazar catalogues. Cross-matching this
catalog with Gaia DR2, SDSS DR12, LAMOST DR5, AllWISE and 4FGL
catalogues we obtained 805, 295, 31, 1311 and 259 matches,
respectively. ALMA Blazar Candidates are significantly dimmer than
known blazars in Gaia g band, while the difference in the Gaia b-r
colour between the two populations is less pronounced. Also, ALMA
Blazar Candidates sources appear bluer in SDSS than known blazars,
although with low statistical significance. Most ALMA Blazar
Candidates classified as QSO and BL Lac fall into the SDSS colour
regions of low redshift quasars, with some QSOs entering the regions
of higher redshift quasars. We collected 110 optical spectra in SDSS
DR12 and LAMOST DR5, which mostly classify the corresponding sources
as QSO (98), while 12 sources resulted galactic objects. Regarding
WISE colours, we found that ABC sources are significantly bluer than
known blazars in the w2-w3 and w3-w4 colours. In X-rays we detected
173 ALMA Blazar Candidates, and we were able to extract a X-ray
spectra for 92 of them. Our sources are on average similar in X-rays
to known blazar in terms of count-rates and spectral slopes, implying
that our sample is covering the same region of the blazar parameter
space in this band. A comparison of gamma-ray properties shown that
ALMA Blazar Candidates are on average dimmer, and their gamma-ray
spectra are softer than known blazars, indicating a significant
contribution of FSRQ sources. Making use of WISE colours, we
classified 715 ALMA Blazar Candidates as candidate gamma-ray blazar of
different classes.
We built a new catalogue of 1580 candidate blazars with a rich
multi-wavelength data-set, filling the lack of low Galactic latitude
sources in current blazar catalogues. This will be particularly
important to identify the source population of high energy neutrinos
or ultra-high energy cosmic rays, or to verify the Gaia optical
reference frame. In addition, ALMA Blazar Candidates can be
investigated both through optical spectroscopic observation campaigns
or through repeated photometric observations for variability studies.
In this context, the data collected by the upcoming LSST surveys will
provide a key tool to investigate the possible blazar nature of these
sources.
Description:
table1.dat lists the sources from ALMA Calibrator Catalogue (ACC,
Bonato et al., 2019, Cat. J/MNRAS/485/1188) without a counterpart in
5th edition of the Roma-BZCAT Multifrequency Catalogue of Blazars
(BZCAT, Massaro et al., 2015Ap&SS.357...75M 2015Ap&SS.357...75M, Cat. VII/274), with flat
(alpha←0.5) spectral index between 1 and 5GHz, and/or with evidences
of variability or gamma-ray emission. For each ACC source the ALMA
name, coordinates, NED name, Redshift, SIMBAD object classification
and literature reference are given.
catalog.dat (merging Tables 2, 4, C1 and C2 of the paper) lists the
sources in the ALMA Blazar Candidates (ABC) catalog. For each ABC
source we give the ALMA name, coordinates, redshift, SIMBAD object
classification, the name and type as listed in the 4FGL catalog, the
name as listed in the 3HSP catalog, the name, type and class as listed
in the WIBRaLS2 catalog, and the name as listed in the KDEBLLACS
catalog. For X-ray data we give for XRT-Swfit, Chandra-ACIS and
XMM-Newton observations the exposure, 0.3-7keV count-rate and
count-rate error, the signal to noise ratio, the 0.1-2.4keV flux and
flux error, the X-ray spectral slope with lower and upper error, the
normalization of the power-law spectral component with lower and upper
error, and the reduced chi2 and degrees of freedom of the spectral
fit. We then give the X-ray spectrum type, the name of the LAMOST DR5
counterpart, its spectral type,its spectroscopic redshift with error,
the name of the SDSS DR12 counterpart, its spectral type, its
spectroscopic redshift with error, the source spectral class, the name
of WISE counterpart, and the gamma-ray blazar candidate class based on
WISE colors.
File Summary:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
table1.dat 110 1646 ACC main properties
catalog.dat 536 1580 *ABC catalog
(merging Tables 2, 4, C1 and C2 of the paper)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note on catalog.dat: updated version with XRT, ACIS and EPIC OBSIDs.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See also:
II/311 : WISE All-Sky Data Release (Cutri+ 2012)
V/147 : The SDSS Photometric Catalogue, Release 12 (Alam+, 2015)
VII/274 : The Roma BZCAT - 5th edition (Massaro+, 2015)
J/MNRAS/485/1188 : The ALMA Calibrator Catalogue (Bonato+, 2019)
J/ApJS/247/33 : The Fermi LAT fourth source catalog (4FGL) (Abdollahi+, 2020)
J/A+A/632/A77 : 3HSP blazars catalog (Chang+, 2019)
Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- ALMA ALMA source name (JHHMM+DDMM)
12- 31 F20.16 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
33- 53 F21.17 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
55- 80 A26 --- Name NED source name
82- 86 F5.3 --- z ? Source redshift
88- 90 A3 --- Type SIMBAD source classification (1)
92-110 A19 --- BibCode Literature reference
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): SIMBAD object classification as follows:
AGN = Active Galaxy Nucleus
AG? = Possible Active Galaxy Nucleus
BCG = Brightest galaxy in a Cluster
BLL = BL Lac object
BL? = BL Lac candidate
Bla = Blazar
Bz? = Blazar candidate
G = Galaxy
gam = γ-ray source
GiC = Galaxy in cluster of galaxies
IR = infrared source,
PaG = Pair of galaxies
PN = Planetary nebula
pr* = Pre-main sequence star
QSO = Quasar
Q? = Quasar candidate
Rad = Radio source
rG = Radio Galaxy
Sy1 = Seyfert 1 galaxy
Sy2 = Seyfert 2 galaxy
SyG = Seyfert galaxy
X = X-ray source
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Byte-by-byte Description of file: catalog.dat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 10 A10 --- ALMA ALMA source name (JHHMM+DDMM)
12- 31 F20.16 deg RAdeg Right Ascension (J2000)
33- 53 F21.17 deg DEdeg Declination (J2000)
55- 59 F5.3 --- z ? Source Redshift
61- 63 A3 --- Type ? SIMBAD source classification (1)
65- 76 A12 --- 4FGL ? 4FGL source name (JHHMM.m+DDMM)
78- 81 A4 --- Type4FGL ? 4FGL source classification
83- 98 A16 --- 3HSP ? 3HSP source name
(JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
100-118 A19 --- WIBRaLS2 WISE name of WIBRaLS2 counterpart
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
120-124 A5 --- TypeW ? WIBRaLS2 source type
126 A1 --- ClassW ? WIBRaLS2 source class
128-146 A19 --- KDEBLLACS WISE name of KDEBLLACS counterpart
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
148-158 I11 --- XRTobsID ? OBSID of Swift-XRT observation
160-163 F4.1 ks XRTExp ? Exposure of Swift-XRT observation
165-169 F5.2 10-3s-1 XRTCR ? 0.3-7keV countrate of
Swift-XRT detected counterpart
171-174 F4.2 10-3s-1 e_XRTCR ? Error on 0.3-7keV countrate of
Swift-XRT detected counterpart
176-179 F4.1 --- XRTSNR ? Signal to noise ratio of
Swift-XRT detected counterpart
181-186 F6.2 10-16W/m2 XRTFlux ? 0.1-2.4keV flux of Swift-XRT
detected counterpart
188-192 F5.2 10-16W/m2 e_XRTFlux ? Error on 0.1-2.4keV flux of
Swift-XRT detected counterpart
194-198 F5.2 10-16W/m2 XRTGamma ? Spectral slope of Swift-XRT
detected counterpart
201-204 F4.2 10-16W/m2 e_XRTGamma ? Lower error on spectral slope of
Swift-XRT detected counterpart
206-209 F4.2 10-16W/m2 E_XRTGamma ? Upper error on spectral slope of
Swift-XRT detected counterpart
211-215 F5.2 10-4keV/cm2/s XRTK ? Power-law normalization of
Swift-XRT detected counterpart
218-221 F4.2 10-4keV/cm2/s e_XRTK ? Lower error on power-law
normalization of Swift-XRT detected
counterpart
223-226 F4.2 10-4keV/cm2/s E_XRTK ? Upper error on power-law
normalization of Swift-XRT detected
counterpart
228-230 F3.1 --- XRTChi2 ? Reduced chi2 of Swift-XRT power-law
fit
232-233 I2 --- XRTDOF ? Degrees of freedom of Swift-XRT
power-law fit
235-239 I5 --- ACISobsID ? OBSID of Chandra-ACIS observation
241-245 F5.1 ks ACISExp ? Exposure of Chandra-ACIS observation
247-252 F6.2 10-3s-1 ACISCR ? 0.3-7keV countrate of Chandra-ACIS
detected counterpart
254-258 F5.2 10-3s-1 e_ACISCR ? Error on 0.3-7keV countrate of
Chandra-ACIS detected counterpart
260-264 F5.1 --- ACISSNR ? Signal to noise ratio of
Chandra-ACIS detected counterpart
266-270 F5.2 10-16W/m2 ACISFlux ? 0.1-2.4keV flux of Chandra-ACIS
detected counterpart
272-275 F4.2 10-16W/m2 e_ACISFlux ? Error on 0.1-2.4keV flux of
Chandra-ACIS detected counterpart
277-280 F4.2 --- ACISGamma ? Spectral slope of Chandra-ACIS
detected counterpart
283-286 F4.2 --- e_ACISGamma ? Lower error on spectral slope of
Chandra-ACIS detected counterpart
288-291 F4.2 --- E_ACISGamma ? Upper error on spectral slope of
Chandra-ACIS detected counterpart
293-296 F4.2 10-4keV/cm2/s ACISK ? Power-law normalization of
Chandra-ACIS detected counterpart
299-302 F4.2 10-4keV/cm2/s e_ACISK ? Lower error on power-law
normalization of Chandra-ACIS
detected counterpart
304-307 F4.2 10-4keV/cm2/s E_ACISK ? Upper error on power-law
normalization of Chandra-ACIS
detected counterpart
309-311 F3.1 --- ACISChi2 ? Reduced chi2 of Chandra-ACIS
power-law fit
313-315 I3 --- ACISDOF ? Degrees of freedom of
Chandra-ACIS power-law fit
317-326 I10 --- EPICobsID ? OBSID of XMM-EPIC observation
328-332 F5.1 ks EPICExp ? Exposure of XMM-EPIC observation
334-341 F8.2 10-3s-1 EPICCR ? 0.3-7keV countrate of XMM-EPIC
detected counterpart
343-347 F5.2 10-3s-1 e_EPICCR ? Error on 0.3-7keV countrate of
XMM-EPIC detected counterpart
349-353 F5.1 --- EPICSNR ? Signal to noise ratio of XMM-EPIC
detected counterpart
355-360 F6.2 10-16W/m2 EPICFlux ? 0.1-2.4keV flux of XMM-EPIC
detected counterpart
362-365 F4.2 10-16W/m2 e_EPICFlux ? Error on 0.1-2.4keV flux of
XMM-EPIC detected counterpart
367-371 F5.2 --- EPICGamma ? Spectral slope of XMM-EPIC
detected counterpart
374-377 F4.2 --- e_EPICGamma ? Lower error on spectral slope of
XMM-EPIC detected counterpart
379-382 F4.2 --- E_EPICGamma ? Upper error on spectral slope of
XMM-EPIC detected counterpart
384-388 F5.2 10-4keV/cm2/s EPICK ? Power-law normalization of
XMM-EPIC detected counterpart
391-394 F4.2 10-4keV/cm2/s e_EPICK ? Lower error on power-law
normalization of XMM-EPIC
detected counterpart
396-399 F4.2 10-4keV/cm2/s E_EPICK ? Upper error on power-law
normalization of XMM-EPIC detected
counterpart
401-403 F3.1 --- EPICChi2 ? Reduced chi2 of XMM-EPIC power-law
fit
405-408 I4 --- EPICDOF ? Degrees of freedom of XMM-EPIC
power-law fit
410-419 A10 --- XRaySp ? X-ray spectrum type (2)
421-439 A19 --- LAMOST ? LAMOST DR5 counterpart name
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
441-446 A6 --- TypeL ? LAMOST DR5 counterpart spectral type
448-454 F7.5 --- zL ? LAMOST DR5 counterpart redshift
456-462 E7.5 --- e_zL ? Error on LAMOST DR5 counterpart
redshift
464-482 A19 --- SDSS ? SDSS DR12 counterpart name
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
484-489 A6 --- TypeS ? SDSS DR12 counterpart spectral type
491-495 F5.3 --- zS ? SDSS DR12 counterpart redshift
497-503 E7.5 --- e_zS ? Error on SDSS DR12 counterpart
redshift
505-510 A6 --- OptClass ? Source optical spectral class (3)
512-530 A19 --- WISE ? WISE counterpart name
(JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.s)
532-536 A5 --- WISECdCl ? Gamma-ray blazar candidate class (4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note (1): SIMBAD object classification as follows:
AGN = Active Galaxy Nucleus
AG? = Possible Active Galaxy Nucleus
BCG = Brightest galaxy in a Cluster
BLL = BL Lac object
BL? = BL Lac candidate
Bla = Blazar
Bz? = Blazar candidate
G = Galaxy
gam = γ-ray source
GiC = Galaxy in cluster of galaxies
IR = infrared source
PaG = Pair of galaxies
PN = Planetary nebula
pr* = Pre-main sequence star
QSO = Quasar
Q? = Quasar candidate
Rad = Radio source
rG = Radio Galaxy
Sy1 = Seyfert 1 galaxy
Sy2 = Seyfert 2 galaxy
SyG = Seyfert galaxy
X = X-ray source
Note (2): X-ray spectrum type as follows:
PL = power-law spectrum
COMPLEX = complex (non power-law) spectrum,
PL+COMPLEX = different spectrum type in different observations
det = X-ray detection
Note (3): Source class based on optical (LAMOST DR5 and SDSS DR12)
spectra as follows:
QSO = quasar-like spectrum
GALAXY = galactic spectrum
Note (4): Gamma-ray blazar candidate class based on WISE colors as follows:
BZB = BL Lac color region
BZQ = FSRQ color region
MIXED = mixed color region between BL Lac and FSRQ
BZU = blazar of uncertain type color region
BZG = galaxy dominated blazar color region
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Acknowledgements:
Alessandro Paggi, alessandro.paggi(at)gmail.com
History:
* 10-Sep-2020: on-line version
* 24-Sep-2020: catalog.dat: XRT, ACIS and EPIC OBSIDs added
(End) Alessandro Paggi [INAF-OATo, Italy], Patricia Vannier [CDS] 18-Jun-2020