J/A+A/631/A125 54 massive companions detected with SOPHIE (Kiefer+, 2019)
Detection and characterisation of 54 massive companions with the SOPHIE
spectrograph - Seven new brown dwarfs and constraints on the brown dwarf desert.
Kiefer F., Hebrard G., Sahlmann J., Sousa S.G., Forveille T., Santos N.,
Mayor M., Deleuil M., Wilson P.A., Dalal S., Diaz R.F., Henry G.W.,
Hagelberg J., Hobson M.J., Demangeon O., Bourrier V., Delfosse X.,
Arnold L., Astudillo-Defru N., Beuzit J.-L., Boisse I., Bonfils X.,
Borgniet S., Bouchy F., Courcol B., Ehrenreich D., Hara N., Lagrange A.-M.,
Lovis C., Montagnier G., Moutou C., Pepe F., Perrier C., Rey J.,
Santerne A., Segransan D., Udry S., Vidal-Madjar A.
<Astron. Astrophys. 631, A125 (2019)>
=2019A&A...631A.125K 2019A&A...631A.125K (SIMBAD/NED BibCode)
ADC_Keywords: Stars, double and multiple ; Stars, brown dwarf ;
Radial velocities
Keywords: brown dwarf - binaries: spectroscopic -
techniques: radial velocities - methods: observational -
methods: numerical
Abstract:
Brown-dwarfs (BD) are substellar objects with masses intermediate
between planets and stars within about 13-80MJ. While isolated
brown-dwarfs are most likely produced by gravitational collapse in
molecular clouds down to masses of a few MJ, a nonnegligible
fraction of low-mass companions might be formed through the planet
formation channel in protoplanetary disks. The upper mass limit of
objects formed within disks is still observationnally unknown, the
main reason being the strong dearth of BD companions at orbital
periods shorter than 10 years, a.k.a. the brown-dwarf desert.
We aim at determining the best statistics of secondary companions
within the 10-100MJup range within 10au from the primary star, while
minimising observational bias. This can help determining the mass
limit separating planet-formed from star-formed browndwarfs. Moreover,
the exact shape of the BD desert in a mass-period space is still
underdetermined, and can strongly constrain the companion-star
interactions mechanisms at work in close binary systems at small mass
ratio.
We made an extensive use of the radial velocity (RV) surveys of FGK
stars below 60 pc distance to the Sun and in the northern hemisphere
performed with the SOPHIE spectrograph at Observatoire de
Haute-Provence. We derived the Keplerian solutions of the RV
variations of 54 sources. Public astrometric data of the Hipparcos and
Gaia missions allowed deriving direct astrometric solution of orbital
motion and constraining the mass of the companion for most sources. We
introduce GASTON, a new method to derive inclination combining RVs
Keplerian and astrometric excess noise from Gaia DR1.
We report the discovery of 12 new BD candidates. For 5 of them,
additional astrometric data led to revise their mass in the M-dwarf
regime. Among the 7 remaining objects, 4 are confirmed BD companions,
and 3 others are likely also in this mass regime. Moreover, we report
the detection of 42 objects in the M-dwarf mass regime
90MJ-0.52M☉. The resulting Msin i-P distribution of BD
candidates shows a clear drop in the detection rate below 80-day
orbital period. Above that limit, the BD desert reveals rather wet,
with a uniform distribution of the Msin i. We derive a minimum
BD-detection frequency around Solar-like stars of 2.0±0.5%.
Description:
We tabulated the radial velocity data obtained with the SOPHIE and
ELODIE spectrograph at Observatoire de Haute-Provence for the 54
targets published in this article. This includes epochs, RV, errors,
with FWHM, CCF contrast and bissector spans for the SOPHIE spectra.
The on-line data also contain Tables B.1 and B.3 to B.7 from the
original article. They present some target basic informations (such as
e.g. RA, DEC, mag etc.) as well as derived spectral properties (such
as e.g. effective temperature, surface gravity, stellar mass, Vsin(i),
activity indicators etc.). Finally, the results of Keplerian fits for
all 54 targets are summarised in Tables B.5 to B.7.
Table B1:
Basic information such as RA, DEC, color and magnitude,
as found on the SIMBAD page. The parallax is given in mas and was
published in the Gaia DR2. This table includes the timespan and the
number of RV measurements obtained from SOPHIE spectra.
Tables B3 and B4: Spectral data.
The spectral analysis was performed using the MOOG software (Sneden
1973ApJ...184..839S 1973ApJ...184..839S) using Kurucz stellar models. The mass of the star
was calculated thanks to Torres et al. (2010A&ARv..18...67T 2010A&ARv..18...67T) empirical
relation. The log R'HK magnetic activity indicator (see e.g. Boisse et
al. 2011A&A...528A...4B 2011A&A...528A...4B), as well as the bissector span (BIS), and the
full-width at half maximum (FWHM), as in e.g. Santerne et al.
(2014A&A...571A..37S 2014A&A...571A..37S, Cat. J/A+A/571/A37; 2015MNRAS.451.2337S 2015MNRAS.451.2337S), are
calculated by the SOPHIE data-reduction pipeline.
Tables B5-B7: Keplerian fit solutions.
Table B.5 contains Keplerian fit results of brown dwarfs candidates
only in the mass regime 15-90Mjup.
Table B.6 presents the Keplerian solutions for all other targets in
the stellar (mainly M-dwarf) regime. Parameters tabulated are period P
(days), semi-amplitudes K (m/s), eccentricities e, periastron angle
omega (degree), time of periastron passage (or time of inferior
conjunction if e=0) in JD, center-of-mass velocity (km/s) for Sophie
and Sophie+ datasets, residuals O-C (m/s) for Sophie and Sophie+
datasets, the mass function f(m) in solar mass, the Msin(i) in Jupiter
mass, and the companion semi-major axis (assuming a dark companion) in
AU.
Table B.7 presents the center-of-mass and residuals for other datasets
(from the Keck/HIRES, the SB9 catalogue, or Elodie mainly).
File Summary:
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FileName Lrecl Records Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ReadMe 80 . This file
tableb1.dat 97 54 Table of the 54 observed targets
tableb3.dat 85 54 Table of stellar parameters for the 54 stars
in Table B1
tableb4.dat 93 74 *The summary of the FWHM and bissector span
analysis for the 54 sources in our sample.
tableb5.dat 199 11 *Table of orbital fits for the 11 single
companions with Msini within 20-90MJup,
ordered by values of M2sini
tableb6.dat 200 40 *Table of orbital fits for the 40 single stellar
companions in the M-dwarf regime with
90MJ<Msini<0.52M☉,
ordered by values of M2sini
tableb7.dat 76 18 Table of RV offsets and residues O-C for the
supplementary datasets, from ELODIE, HIRES or
available in the SB9 catalogue
sophiep.dat 67 711 SOPHIE+ Radial velocities
sophiem.dat 67 212 SOPHIE- radial velocities
elodie.dat 39 54 Elodie radial velocities
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Note on tableb4.dat: SOPHIE and SOPHIE+ datasets are analysed separately.
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Note on tableb5.dat, tableb6.dat: The error on stellar mass was neglected to
calculate the uncertainty on M2sini and a.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb1.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Name Star name
11- 12 I2 h RAh Right ascension (J2000) from Simbad
14- 15 I2 min RAm Right ascension (J2000) from Simbad
17- 23 F7.4 s RAs Right ascension (J2000) from Simbad
25 A1 --- DE- Declination sign (J2000) from Simbad
26- 27 I2 deg DEd Declination (J2000) from Simbad
29- 30 I2 arcmin DEm Declination (J2000) from Simbad
32- 37 F6.3 arcsec DEs Declination (J2000) from Simbad
39- 43 F5.2 mag Vmag V magnitude from Simbad
45- 48 F4.2 mag B-V B-V colour index from Simbad
50- 55 F6.3 mas Plx Absolute parallax from Gaia DR2 (Cat. I/345)
57- 61 F5.3 mas e_Plx rms uncertainty on Plx
63- 75 A13 --- SpType Spectral type (from Simbad)
76- 83 F8.2 d TimeSpan Time span
85- 87 I3 --- Ntot Total number of SOPHIE radial velocity
measurements
90- 91 I2 --- NSoph- Number of radial velocity measurements
with SOPHIE- (in sophiem.dat file ) (G1)
93- 94 I2 --- NSoph+ Number of radial velocity measurements
with SOPHIE+ (in sophiep.dat file ) (G1)
96- 97 I2 --- NElod Total number of radial velocity measurements
with Elodie (in elodie.dat file)
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb3.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Name Star name
11- 14 I4 K Teff Effective temperature
16- 18 I3 K e_Teff rms uncertainty on Teff
20- 23 F4.2 [cm2/s] logg Surface gravity
25- 28 F4.2 [cm2/s] e_logg rms uncertainty on logg
30- 33 F4.2 km/s vturb Turbulent velocity
35- 38 F4.2 km/s e_vturb rms uncertainty on vturb
40- 44 F5.2 [-] [Fe/H] Metallicity
46- 49 F4.2 [-] e_[Fe/H] rms uncertainty on [Fe/H]
51- 53 I3 --- NFeI Number of FeI lines used
55- 56 I2 --- NFeII Number of FeII lines used
58- 61 F4.2 Msun Mass Stellar mass estimated using the Torres et
al. (2010A&ARv..18...67T 2010A&ARv..18...67T,
Cat. J/other/A+ARV/18.67) empirical relation
63- 66 F4.2 Msun e_Mass rms uncertainty on Mass
68- 72 F5.2 [-] logR'HK R'HK activity index
74- 77 F4.2 [-] e_logR'HK rms uncertainty on logR'HK
79- 81 F3.1 km/s vsini Rotational velocity
83- 85 F3.1 km/s e_vsini ? rms uncertainty on vsini
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb4.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 10 A10 --- Name Star name
11- 17 A7 --- Dataset Dataset, SOPHIE or SOPHIE+
19- 20 I2 --- Npts Number of points
22- 27 F6.4 km/s Mean velocity dispersion
29- 34 F6.3 km/s Mean FWHM of the CCF
36- 40 F5.3 km/s s_ ?=- Standard dispersion on FWHM
42- 47 F6.3 km/s Mean bisector span
49- 53 F5.3 km/s s_ ?=- Standard dispersion on BIS
55- 60 F6.2 --- chi2FWHM ?=- χ2 test of the "no-variation"
null hypothesis for FHWM
62- 67 F6.2 [-] logpFWHM ?=- p-value of χ2 test for FHWM
69- 73 F5.2 --- Rp(FWHM-RV) ?=- Pearson correlation coefficient R of
FWHM with RV
75- 80 F6.2 --- chi2BIS ?=- χ2 test of the "no-variation"
null hypothesis for BIS
82- 87 F6.2 [-] logpBIS ?=- p-value of χ2 test for BIS
89- 93 F5.2 --- Rp(BIS-RV) ?=- Pearson correlation coefficient R of
BIS with RV
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb5.dat tableb6.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Name Star name
11- 23 F13.7 d Per Period
25- 37 F13.7 d e_Per rms uncertainty on Per
39- 46 F8.2 m/s K Semi-amplitude velocity, K
48- 54 F7.2 m/s e_K rms uncertainty on Velocity semi-amplitude
56- 63 F8.6 --- e Eccentricity
65- 71 F7.5 --- e_e ? rms uncertainty on Eccentricity
73- 80 F8.3 deg omega ?=- Periastron angle ω
82- 87 F6.3 deg e_omega ? rms uncertainty on omega
89- 98 F10.4 d Tp Time of passage at periastron, for objects
with e=0, time of primary transit (Tp-2400000)
99 A1 --- n_Tp [*] * when Tp is the time of primary
transit (1)
100-108 F9.4 d e_Tp rms uncertainty on Tp
110-118 F9.4 km/s GammaS+ Center-of-mass velocity gamma from
SOPHIE+ measurements (G1)
120-125 F6.4 km/s e_GammaS+ rms uncertainty on GammaS+
127-134 F8.4 km/s GammaS- ? Center-of-mass velocity gamma from
SOPHIE- measurements (G1)
136-141 F6.4 km/s e_GammaS- ? rms uncertainty on GammaS-
142 A1 --- n_GammaS- [f] f for fixed (2)
143-147 F5.2 m/s sO-CS+ Residual O-C for SOPHIE+ measurements (G1)(3)
149-153 F5.2 m/s sO-CS- ? Residual O-C for SOPHIE-
measurements (G1)(3)
155-162 F8.2 10-6Msun f(m) Mass function
164-171 F8.2 10-6Msun e_f(m) rms uncertainty on Mass function
174-179 F6.2 Mjup M2sini Mass of companion, in Jupiter mass unit
181-185 F5.2 Mjup e_M2sini rms uncertainty on M2sini
186-192 F7.4 AU a2 Semi-major axis of companion
194-200 F7.4 AU e_a2 rms uncertainty on a2
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Note (1): With an eccentricity of 0, the time of periastron passage is
ill-defined. In this case, Tp indicates the time of primary transit.
Note (2): f: We fixed the γ of the S+ and S- dataset at a common value.
Note (3): Residual O-C and RV γ of supplementary data from different
instruments used to calculate these orbits are given in tableb7.dat.
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: tableb7.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 9 A9 --- Name Star name
10- 17 F8.4 km/s gammaE ? Elodie gamma velocity
19- 24 F6.4 km/s e_gammaE ? rms uncertainty on gammaE
26- 30 F5.2 m/s sO-CE ? Elodie residual O-C
31 A1 --- n_sO-CE [*] *: Only one ELODIE RV measurement
34- 40 F7.4 km/s gammaH ? HIRES center-of-mass velocity gamma
42- 47 F6.4 km/s e_gammaH ? rms uncertainty on gammaH
49- 53 F5.2 m/s sO-CH ? HIRES residual O-C
55- 62 F8.4 km/s gammaS ? SB9 center-of-mass velocity gamma
64- 69 F6.4 km/s e_gammaS ? rms uncertainty on gammaS
71- 76 F6.2 m/s sO-CS ? SB9 residual O-C
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: sophiep.dat sophiem.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1- 9 A9 --- Name Star name
11- 21 F11.5 d BJD Barycentric Julian date (BJD-2400000)
23- 32 F10.5 km/s RV Radial velocity
34- 40 F7.5 km/s e_RV rms uncertainty on RV
42- 49 F8.5 km/s FWHM FWHM
51- 58 F8.5 --- Cont Contrast (height of the CCF peak with
respect to the baseline)
60- 67 F8.5 km/s BIS Bissector span
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Byte-by-byte Description of file: elodie.dat
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Bytes Format Units Label Explanations
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1- 8 A8 --- Name Star name
10- 20 F11.5 d BJD Barycentric Julian date (BJD-2400000)
22- 28 F7.3 km/s RV Radial velocity
30- 39 F10.8 km/s e_RV rms uncertainty on RV
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Global notes:
Note (G1): SOPHIE measurements before and after the instrument upgrade in
June 2011 are referred to respectively as S- and S+.
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Acknowledgements:
Flavien Kiefer, flavien.kiefer(at)iap.fr
(End) Patricia Vannier [CDS] 26-Sep-2019