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J/A+A/476/1243      Millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X      (Motte+, 2007)
The earliest phases of high-mass star formation:
a 3 square degree millimeter continuum mapping of Cygnus X.
    Motte F., Bontemps S., Schilke P., Schneider N., Menten K.M., Broguiere D.
   <Astron. Astrophys. 476, 1243 (2007)>
   =2007A&A...476.1243M
ADC_Keywords: Molecular clouds ; Photometry, infrared ; Radio continuum

Keywords: dust, extinction - HII regions - ISM: structure - stars: formation -
          submillimeter

Description:
    We report on a millimeter continuum survey of the entire Cygnus X
    molecular complex. We used the MAMBO and MAMBO-2 bolometer arrays on
    the IRAM 30m telescope to map a 3deg2 area at 1.2mm (see fits files
    of Figures 2, kept to 11" resolution). Our MAMBO-2 imaging gives
    a complete view of the cloud structures ranging from 0.03pc to 5pc,
    i.e. from dense cores to clumps. We perform a multi-resolution
    analysis to extract 129 compact dense cores (∼0.1pc, see Table 1) and
    identify 40 massive large-scale clumps (∼0.7pc, see Table 2). The 21um
    fluxes arising from dense cores are taken from the MSX point source
    catalog (MSX C6, Cat. V/114).

File Summary:

       FileName      Lrecl  Records   Explanations

ReadMe            80        .   This file
table1.dat       166      129   Dense cores (compact cloud fragments) identified 
                             in Cygnus X
refs.dat          66       13   References
table2.dat        94       40   Clumps (large-scale cloud structures) identified 
                             in Cygnus X
figs.dat          38       10   List of FITS files containing the 1.2mm observations
fits/*             0       10   FITS files of the images


See also:
         V/114 : MSX6C Infrared Point Source Catalog (Egan+ 2003)
 J/ApJS/74/181 : Small-diameter radiosources catalogue (Zoonematkermani+, 1990)
 J/A+A/241/551 : Radio continuum in Cygnus X region (Wendker+ 1991)
 J/ApJS/91/659 : Ultracompact HII regions radio images (Kurtz+ 1994)
 J/A+A/336/339 : VLA observations of ultracompact HII regions (Molinari+ 1998)
 J/A+A/375/539 : JHK photometry of compact HII regions in Cyg X (Comeron+, 2001)
 J/A+A/432/737 : General Catalogue of 6.7GHz Methanol Masers (Pestalozzi+, 2005)


Byte-by-byte Description of file: table1.dat

   Bytes Format Units    Label      Explanations

   1-  5  A5    ---      ---        [CygX-]
   6-  9  A4    ---      CygX       Dense core number (Nnn, NWnn, or Snn)
  11- 26  A16   ---      Name       Name (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
  28- 31  I4    mJy      Speak      Peak flux at 1.2mm, in mJy/beam (1)
  33- 36  F4.2  pc       FWHMa      Dense core FWHM size, major axis (1)
      37  A1    ---      ---        [x]
  38- 41  F4.2  pc       FWHMb      Dense core FWHM size, minor axis (1)
  43- 47  I5    mJy      Sint       Integrated flux at 1.2mm (1)
      49  A1    ---      l_M(40K)   Limit flag on M(40K)
  50- 52  I3    solMass  M(40K)     ? Dense core mass with T_dust_=40K (2)
  54- 56  I3    solMass  M(20K)     Dense core mass with T_dust_=20K (2)
      58  A1    ---     l_nH2(40K)  Limit flag on nH240K
  59- 64  E6.2  cm-3     nH2(40K)   ? Volume-averaged H_2_ density, number with
                                      Tdust=40K (3)
  66- 71  E6.2  cm-3     nH2(20K)   Volume-averaged H_2_ density, number with
                                      Tdust=20K (3)
  73- 79  F7.2  Jy       S21um      ?=- MSX flux at 21 microns (4)
      80  A1    ---      n_S21um    [A] A: sources are seen in absorption at 8um
      82  A1    ---      n_CygX     [*] Individual note (5)
  84- 88  A5    ---      ref(1)     ? Reference for cm free-free, if exists,
                                      in refs.dat file (6)
  90-109  A20   ---      Maser      Maser molecule, if exists (6)
 111-115  A5    ---      r_Maser    Reference for Maser, in refs.dat file
 117-166  A50   ---      Note       Names and comments

Note (1): Peak flux, deconvolved FWHM size, and integrated flux derived
     from a 2D-Gaussian fit to the 1.2mm map after background subtraction
     (cf. Sect. 3.2 and Appendix B). An upper limit FWHM of 0.03pc was
     assumed for unresolved fragments.
Note (2): Mass derived from Col. 5 using Eq. (1) and assuming
     Kappa1.2mm=0.01cm2/g and Tdust=20K. A second estimate with
     Tdust=40K is made for HII regions and the brightest infrared
     protostars of Cygnus X.
Note (3): Volume-averaged density derived from size and mass using Eq. (2).

Note (4): The 21 microns fluxes are those given in the MSX point source
     catalog (MSX C6, Cat. V/114), except for CygX-N30, N43, N46, N47,
     N65 and S41, for which an aperture flux is measured on the MSX map.
     The MSX flux of two extended HII regions is equally distributed
     between CygX-N46 and N47, and between CygX-S18, S19, S20. All
     fragments detected at 21 microns are also detected at 8um with the
     exception of CygX-N30, N46, N47, and N65. "-" means that sources are
     undetected down to a flux of about 3Jy (completion level of the MSX 6C
     catalog in Cygnus X).
Note (5): (*) observations of high-density tracers toward CygX-N4 suggest
     that this 1.2mm source does not correspond to a dense cloud fragment.
     Its nature is yet unclear but it is probably not a site for future or
     ongoing star formation.
Note (6): Coincidence with stellar activity signatures



Byte-by-byte Description of file: refs.dat

   Bytes Format Units   Label     Explanations

   1-  2  I2    ---     Ref       Reference number
   4- 22  A19   ---     BibCode   BibCode
  24- 45  A22   ---     Aut       Author's name
  47- 66  A20   ---     Com       Comments


Byte-by-byte Description of file: table2.dat

   Bytes Format Units   Label      Explanations

   1-  3  A3    ---     ---        [Cl-]
   4-  6  A3    ---     Clump      Clump number (Nnn, NWnn or Snn)
   8- 23  A16   ---     Name       Name (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)
  25- 28  F4.2  pc      FWHMa      Clump FWHM size, major axis (1)
      29  A1    ---     ---        [x]
  30- 33  F4.2  pc      FWHMb      Clump FWHM size, minor axis (1)
  35- 39  I5    mJy     Sint       Integrated flux at 1.2mm (1)
  41- 44  I4    solMass Mass       Clump mass (2)
  46- 51  E6.2  cm-3    nH2        Volume-averaged density number (3)
  53- 94  A42   ---     Com        Comments

Note (1): Deconvolved FWHM size and integrated flux derived from a
          2D-Gaussian fit to the 1.2 mm map smoothed to a 55'' beam.
Note (2): Mass derived from Col. 4 using Eq. (1) and assuming
          Kappa1.2mm=0.01cm2/g and Tdust=15K.
Note (3): Volume-averaged density derived from size and mass, using Eq. (2).



Byte-by-byte Description of file: figs.dat

   Bytes Format Units   Label     Explanations

   1- 10  A10   ---     FITSfile  Name of FITS file, in the "fits" subdirectory
  12- 19  F8.4  deg     RAdeg     Image center, in decimal degrees (J2000)
  21- 28  F8.4  deg     DEdeg     Image center, in decimal degrees (J2000)
  30- 33  I4    pix     Xdim      Dimension (E-W) (1pix=4arcsec)
      34  A1    ---     ---       [x]
  35- 38  I4    pix     Ydim      Dimension (N-S) (1pix=4arcsec)


Acknowledgements:
    Frederique Motte, frederique.motte(at)cea.fr
(End)            Frederique Motte [AIM/SAp], Patricia Vannier [CDS]  13-Sep-2007